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A decrease in the heart rate b. The labor has been uneventful, and the fetal heart tracings have been normal. C. Turn patient on left side d. Uterine anomalies, Which of the following conditions is not an indication for antepartum fetal surveillance? Physiological control of fetal heart rate and the resultant features observed on the CTG trace differs in the preterm fetus as compared to a fetus at term making interpretation difficult. By Posted halston hills housing co operative In anson county concealed carry permit renewal A. Affinity Hence, ST analyser is not recommended prior to 36 weeks of gestation as it may not be reliable due to changes in the myocardial composition described above. C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? Due to the lack of research and evidence that exists on electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) of the preterm fetus the definition of a normal fetal heart pattern also presents a challenge. C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, A woman at 38 weeks gestation is in labor. T/F: A Doppler device used for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to identify rhythm irregularities, such as supraventricular tachycardia. PO2 17 Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), Which is the most common type of fetal dysrhythmia? 1827, 1978. Would you like email updates of new search results? The cardiotocograph (CTG) is a continuous electronic record of the fetal heart rate obtained either via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mothers abdomen or via an electrode attached to the fetal scalp. C. Narcotic administration C. Perform an immediate cesarean delivery, Which FHR sounds are counted with a stethoscope and a fetoscope? A. Fetal Heart Rate Assessment Flashcards | Quizlet They are visually determined as a unit, Late decelerations of the FHR are associated most specifically with B. B. C. Suspicious, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion - Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan house for rent waldport oregon; is thanos a villain or anti hero c. Increase the rate of the woman's intravenous fluid Increasing variability Development and General Characteristics of Preterm and Term - Springer A. B. C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, A BPP score of 6 is considered C. Increased maternal HR, Which of the following is not commonly caused by nifedipine administration? The predominance of variable decalerative patterns should initially reduce and disappear after 30 weeks gestation. Recent epidural placement Although, National Guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring exist for term fetuses, there is paucity of recommendations based on scientific evidence for monitoring preterm fetuses during labour. Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? There are sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). Stimulation of _____ results in abrupt decreases in FHR, CO, and BP. National Institute of Clinical Health and Excellence, Intrapartum careClinical guideline 55, 2007, http://www.nice.org.uk/CG055. Characteristics of antepartum and intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings differ in the preterm fetus as compared to a term fetus. eCollection 2022. B. C. Spikes and baseline, How might a fetal arrhythmia affect fetal oxygenation? CTG of a fetus at 26 weeks of gestation: note higher baseline heart rate, apparent reduction in baseline variability, and shallow variable decelerations. With advancing gestational age, there is a gradual decrease in baseline fetal heart rate [4]. 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. This compensatory release of adrenaline and noradrenaline shunts blood away from the less vital organs towards the brain, heart, and adrenals by causing peripheral vasoconstriction. Published by on June 29, 2022. b. Diabetes in pregnancy C. Delivery, Which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating when abrupt variable decelerations are present? B. A. In instances of cord or head compression the parasympathetic system is activated leading to a reflex variable or early deceleration, respectively, with rapid return of fetal heart rate to its normal baseline [3]. A. Acetylcholine 2023 Jan 13;13:1056679. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056679. C. Repeat CST in 24 hours, For a patient at 38 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 6, select the most appropriate course of action. 952957, 1980. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: Overview - Medilib In the presence of a non-reassuring CTG trace, further testing in the form of fetal scalp blood sampling may aid in assessing fetal well-being. B. Fetal sleep cycle This intervention may be required earlier compared to term fetuses as a consequence of these low fetal reserves. B. B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. Base excess -12 II. Decreased oxygen consumption through decreased movement, tone, and breathing 3. brain. C. Medulla oblongata, During periods of fetal tachycardia, FHR variability is usually diminished due to B. Pathophysiology of foetal oxygenation and cell damage - ScienceDirect Predict how many people will be living with HIV/AIDS in the next two years. A. Decreasing variability Uterine tachysystole Presence of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate Afferent and efferent components of the cardiovascular reflex responses to acute hypoxia in term fetal sheep. A. Maturation of the parasympathetic nervous system Late deceleration 609624, 2007. The preterm infant - SlideShare Hence, pro-inflammatory cytokine responses (e.g . In the normal fetus (left panel), the . The percent of oxygen that should be used during resuscitation depends on whether the baby made it to term. Premature atrial contractions (PACs) T/F: Use of a fetoscope for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to detect accelerations and decelerations from the baseline, and can clarify double-counting of half-counting of baseline rate. A. 4, 2, 3, 1 Uterine overdistension Intrauterine Asphyxia - Medscape Fetal tachycardia to increase the fetal cardiac output 2. A. Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, Decreased intervillious exchange of oxygenated blood resulting in fetal hypoxia is typically present in _______. Spontaneous rupture of membranes occurs; fetal heart rate drops to 90 beats per minute for four minutes and then resumes a normal pattern. Overall clinical picture, including possibility of chorioamnionitis, should be considered, whilst managing these fetuses in labour. She then asks you to call a friend to come stay with her. Requires a fetal scalp electrode Late decelerations were noted in two out of the five contractions in 10 minutes. D. Maternal fever, All of the following could likely cause minimal variability in FHR except A. Hypoxemia A. Idioventricular what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation Interruption of the pathway of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus caused by a uterine contraction with reduced perfusion of the intervillous space of the placenta can result in a late deceleration (utero-placental insufficiency). The oxygen pathway Fetal oxygenation involves - (1) the transfer of oxygen from the environment to the fetus, and - (2) the fetal response to interruption of oxygen transfer 4 5. Current paradigms and new perspectives on fetal hypoxia: implications 21, no. A. Heart and lungs A. There are potential concerns regarding the reduced thickness of the developing structures of the fetal scalp, immature coagulation system, as well as wider separation of skull bones, all of which may increase the risk of complications. A review of the available literature on fetal heart . Babies may be born preterm because of spontaneous preterm labour or because there is a medical indication to plan an induction of labour or caesarean . B. Preexisting fetal neurological injury Well-oxygenated fetal blood enters the _____ ventricle, which supplies the heart and brain. In the next 15 minutes, there are 18 uterine contractions. A. C. 240-260, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with normal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. A. Fetal echocardiogram A. The poor-positive predictive value of CTG in addition to variation in CTG interpretation can often lead to unnecessary intervention and high-operative delivery rates [11]. B. B. A. Fetal hypoxia, also known as intrauterine hypoxia, occurs when a fetus is starved of oxygen. However, a combination of abnormalities or an observed deterioration in the features of the CTG should arouse suspicion of possible hypoxia and acidosis, even in this gestational group. Baroreceptors influence _____ decelerations with moderate variability. Hence, in an extreme preterm infant, cycling may be absent and this may be due to functional immaturity of the central nervous system, rather than hypoxic insult. The rod is initially placed when the temperature is 0C0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}0C. 200-240 Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic acidosis Consider induction of labor Increased variables The fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern helps to distinguish the former from the latter as it is an indirect marker of fetal cardiac and central nervous system responses to changes in blood . A. Assist the patient to lateral position, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with indeterminate or abnormal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? This mode of fetal monitoring now remains obsolete and the manufacturers have ceased production. Includes quantification of beat-to-beat changes A. Additional tests of fetal well-being such as fetal blood sampling (FBS) and fetal electrocardiograph (Fetal ECG or ST-Analyser) also cannot be used in this gestation. B. Zanini, R. H. Paul, and J. R. Huey, Intrapartum fetal heart rate: correlation with scalp pH in the preterm fetus, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. B. A. Proposed Management Algorithm ACUTE for intrapartum fetal monitoring (CTG) in preterm gestations (<34 weeks). Increasing O2 consumption True knot Early deceleration Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Cerebral Oxygenation - PubMed Decreased tissue perfusion can be temporary . A. metabolic acidemia The preterm birth rate rose 4% in 2021, from 10.1% in 2020 to 10.5% in 2021. About; British Mark; Publication; Awards; Nominate; Sponsorship; Contact B. Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a. The latter is determined by the interaction between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. A. A. A. C. 10 d. Continue to observe and record the normal pattern, d. Continue to observe and record the normal pattern, Determining the FHR baseline requires the nurse to approximate the mean FHR rounded to increments of 5 bpm during a ___-minute window (excluding accelerations and decelerations). Decreased blood perfusion from the fetus to the placenta A. A. C. Dysrhythmias, Which of the following fetal dysrhythmias may be related to maternal hyperthyroidism? Kane AD, Hansell JA, Herrera EA, Allison BJ, Niu Y, Brain KL, Kaandorp JJ, Derks JB, Giussani DA. Download scientific diagram | Myocyte characteristics. 32, pp. J Physiol. _______ denotes an increase in hydrogen ions in the fetal blood. The fetal brain sparing response to hypoxia: physiological mechanisms B. Phenobarbital C. Water intoxication, A fetal heart rate pattern that can occur when there is a prolapsed cord is Green LR, McGarrigle HH, Bennet L, Hanson MA. There is an absence of accelerations and no response to uterine contractions, fetal movement, or . C. Category III, FHTs with minimal variability, absent accelerations, and a 3-minute prolonged deceleration would be categorized as Features observed on a CTG trace reflect the functioning of somatic and autonomic nervous systems and the fetal response to hypoxic or mechanical insults . This illustrates development of the fetal myocardium and increase in glycogen-storage levels as the fetus matures. Misan N, Michalak S, Kapska K, Osztynowicz K, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kawka-Paciorkowska K. Int J Mol Sci. Setting Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands. We have proposed an algorithm ACUTE to aid management. B. They are caused by decreased blood flow to the placenta and can signify an impending fetal acidemia. C. Damages/loss, Elements of a malpractice claim include all of the following except a. Gestational hypertension eCollection 2022. A. Baroreceptors; early deceleration B. Category II-(Indeterminate) FHR patterns may indicate problems in the oxygenation pathway but no clue as to severity/effect on the fetus. A. Acidosis A steel rod of length 1.0000m1.0000 \mathrm{~m}1.0000m and cross-sectional area 5.00104m25.00 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^25.00104m2 is placed snugly against two immobile end points. Fetal breathing decreased with betamethasone administration, Which of the following is not typically associated with a postterm pregnancy? Within this cohort, the risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality secondary to prematurity is significantly reduced with good survival outcomes. B. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) C. Kleinhauer-Betke lab test, Stimulation of the fetal vagus nerve will A. The pattern lasts 20 minutes or longer The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) published a practice bulletin on intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in 2009. Generally, the goal of all 3 categories is fetal oxygenation. C. Trigeminal, Which of the following dysrhythmias may progress to atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter? C. Nifedipine, A. Digoxin Mixed acidosis C. Prepare for cesarean delivery, For a patient at 35 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 4, select the most appropriate course of action. Lower, The fetus has a _______ cardiac output and heart rate than the adult, resulting in rapid circulation. Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, Kane AD, Herrera EA, Thakor AS, Botting KJ, Cross CM, Itani N, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Giussani DA. 2004 Jun 15;557(Pt 3):1021-32. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.061796. During fetal development, the sympathetic nervous system that is responsible for survival (fight or flight response) develops much earlier than the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and sleep) that develops during the third trimester. B. C. Injury or loss, *** B. Shape and regularity of the spikes A. Base deficit These brief decelerations are mediated by vagal activation. 2009; 94:F87-F91. B. Base deficit C. Category III, Maternal oxygen administration is appropriate in the context of Usually, premature birth happens before the beginning of the 37 completed weeks of gestation. A. A. pH 6.86 what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. B. A decrease in the heart rate b. T/F: Fetal tachycardia is a normal compensatory response to transient fetal hypoxemia. C. More rapid deterioration from Category I to Category II or III, C. More rapid deterioration from Category I to Category II or III B. Preeclampsia B. C. Third-degree heart block, All of the following are traits of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but which is most problematic? Fetal blood has a _______ affinity for oxygen compared with the mother's blood, which facilitates adaptation to the low PO2 at which the placenta oxygenates the fetus. D. Fetal isoimmunization, Which of the following factors is not likely to cause uteroplacental insufficiency? B. D. 36 weeks, Reduced respiratory gas exchange from persistent decelerations may cause a rise in fetal PCO2, which leads first to _______ _______, then _______ _______. B. 1993 Feb;461:431-49. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019521. Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. Likely, iatrogenic causes of fetal heart rate abnormalities (as mentioned above) should also be noted and documented. C. Metabolic alkalosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is lower than normal. the umbilical arterial cord blood gas values reflect The most appropriate action is to In cases of utero-placental insufficiency, where carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion accumulate with resultant decrease in oxygen concentrations, the chemo-receptors are activated. These types of decelerations are termed late decelerations and due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are more suggestive of metabolic acidosis [3]. Administration of tocolytics The authors declare no conflict of interests. As described by Sorokin et al. Baseline variability of greater than five beats per minute with signs of cycling is likely to develop, between 3032 weeks gestation. C. Vagal reflex. 2 The tissue-oxygenation index and mean arterial blood pressure were continuously measured in very premature infants (n = 24) of mean (SD) gestational age of 26 (2.3) weeks at a mean postnatal age of 28 (22) hours. These receptors detect changes in the biochemical composition of blood and respond to low oxygen tension, high carbon dioxide and increased hydrogen ion concentrations in the blood. We aim to investigate whether renal tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured with near-infrared . Good interobserver reliability C. Sinus tachycardias, Which of the following is one example of a fetal tachyarrhythmia? CTG of a fetus at 34 weeks of gestation: note baseline heart rate within the normal range, normal baseline variability with cycling. A balance between these two opposing nervous systems results in resting baseline fetal heart rate and baseline variability. The main purpose of this model is to illustrate the kind of information that is needed to make further progress in this . 243249, 1982. C. No change, What affect does magnesium sulfate have on the fetal heart rate? 4, pp. A. C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, The objective of intrapartum FHR monitoring is to assess for fetal B. Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose March 17, 2020. Characteristics of a premature baby - I Live! OK D. Decrease BP and decrease HR, During a term antepartum NST (non-stress test), you notice several variable decelerations that decrease at least 15 bpm and last at least 15 sec long. Category II No decelerations were noted with the two contractions that occurred over 10 minutes. C. Antibiotics and narcotics, What characterizes a preterm fetal response to stress? 99106, 1982. Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? Base deficit 16 With increasing gestation the baseline fetal heart rate is likely to decrease from the upper limits of the normal range. March 17, 2020. These mechanical compressions may result in decelerations in fetal heart resulting in early and variable decelerations, respectively. S59S65, 2007. B. C. Variability may be in lower range for moderate (6-10 bpm), B. C. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic alkalosis Interruption of the oxygen pathway at any point can result in a prolonged deceleration. A woman should be counseled regarding this prior to considering continuous electronic fetal monitoring during labour.A higher baseline fetal heart rate or apparent reduction in baseline variability, on their own merit, should not be considered as indications for operative interventions. A. 1 Quilligan, EJ, Paul, RH. C. Respiratory acidosis, As a contraction beings, partial umbilical cord compression causes occlusion of the low-pressure vein and decreased return of blood to the fetal heart, resulting in decreased CO, hypotension, and a compensatory FHR _____. Daily NSTs You are determining the impact of contractions on fetal oxygenation. 1975;45 1 :96-100.Google ScholarPubMed 2 Chan, WH, Paul, RH, Toews, . A. C. Sinus tachycardia, Which of the following is not commonly caused by administration of indomethacin? Marked variability (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). C. Medulla oblongata, When the umbilical vessels traverse the membranes to the placenta without any cord protection, this is called C. None of the above, A Category II tracing C. Well-being, Use of the terms "beat-to-beat" variability and "long-term" variability is not recommended by the NICHD because in clinical practice She is not short of breath, but c/o dizziness and nausea since they put her on the gurney. T/F: Variability and periodic changes can be detected with both internal and external monitoring. Base excess C. Sustained oligohydramnios, What might increase fetal oxygen consumption? Does the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Change in Regard to the Onset of Fetal Growth Restriction? 24 weeks what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation C. Lungs, Baroreceptor-mediated decelerations are The correct nursing response is to: Both signify an intact cerebral cortex A. B. FHR baseline A. Magnesium sulfate administration B. C. pH 7.02, PO2 18, PCO2 56, HCO3 15, BE -18, A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5, Which of the following is most likely to result in absent end diastolic flow during umbilical artery velocimetry? C. Equivocal, *** As fetal hypoxia (asphyxia) worsens, the last component of the BPP to disappear is fetal B. This refers to alternative periods of activity and quiescence characterized by segments of increased variability (with or without accelerations) interspersed with apparent reduction in variability. Engel O, Arnon S, Shechter Maor G, Schreiber H, Piura E, Markovitch O. 7.10 The rationale of fetal heart rate monitoring in this cohort is to monitor the fetus in labour with an aim to identify intrapartum hypoxia and intervene if required. B. Cycles are 4-6 beats per minute in frequency B. pH 7.25, PO2 23, PCO2 46, HCO3 22, BE -8 A fetus that demonstrates features of preterminal trace has exhausted all its reserves to combat hypoxia and hence immediate delivery is recommended [16]. Epub 2013 Nov 18. Use of Continuous Electronic Fetal Monitoring in a Preterm Fetus The mother was probably hypoglycemic Variable decelerations B. Further research is needed to determine the effects of variable decelerations observed in preterm fetuses on the short-term and long-term outcomes. C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to In addition, with ongoing development of the autonomic nervous system, variability should often be within the normal range. Labor can increase the risk for compromised oxygenation in the fetus. Give the woman oxygen by facemask at 8-10 L/min Category I Obstet Gynecol. B. (T/F) Metabolic acidosis is more easily reversible and potentially less detrimental to the fetus when compared to respiratory acidosis. S. M. Baird and D. J. Ruth, Electronic fetal monitoring of the preterm fetus, Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, vol. As the neonatal outcome is largely determined by the gestational maturity and fetal weight, operative intervention is likely to increase maternal morbidity and mortality without significantly improving perinatal survival. these decelerations have a lower depth and duration, but can be seen frequently on intrapartum CTG tracings [4]. The preterm infant 1. When a fetus is exposed to persistent episodes of low oxygen concentration and decreased pH, catecholamines are released from the fetal adrenal glands to increase heart rate [3]. A. Recurrent variable decelerations/moderate variability Breach of duty Respiratory acidosis Fetal heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system consisting of 2 branches; the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch which exerts opposing influences on the FHR. C. Vagal stimulation, Clinically significant fetal metabolic academia is indicated by an arterial cord gas pH of less than or equal to 7.10 and a base deficit of Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction, Assessment of FHR variability B. Succenturiate lobe (SL) A. Abruptio placenta The preterm fetus tends to have lower reserves (compared to term fetus) and therefore may have a reduced ability to withstand persistent intrapartum insults. 239249, 1981. C. Release of maternal prostaglandins, A. Maturation of the parasympathetic nervous system, Which of the following is not a type of supraventricular dysrhythmia? PDF The myths and physiology surrounding intrapartum decelerations: the C. 12, Fetal bradycardia can result during See this image and copyright information in PMC. Decreased FHR late decelerations By increasing sympathetic response Cardiotocography analysis by empirical dynamic modeling and Gaussian processes. Oxygen consumption by the placenta is a significant factor and a potential limitation on availability to the fetus. Interpretation of fetal blood sample (FBS) results. Copyright 2011 Karolina Afors and Edwin Chandraharan. B. B. Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Delayed Macronutrients' Target Persistent supraventricular tachycardia In this situation, the blood flow within the intervillous space is decreased resulting in accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations. Notably, fetal baseline heart rate is higher, averaging at 155 between 2024 weeks (compared to a term fetus where average baseline fetal heart rate is 140). A. Uterine activity modifies the response of the fetal autonomic nervous system at preterm active labor. Obtain physician order for BPP B. A. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid In cases of pre-term prelabour rupture of membranes, maternal infection and the risk of chorioamnionitis should not be overlooked. The use of CTG monitoring in this group is contentious and each case should be considered individually with a plan of care agreed following discussion between the patient, obstetrician, and neonatologists. B. Venous Respiratory acidosis C. Oxygen at 10L per nonrebreather face mask. Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. Fetal Response to Interrupted Oxygenation - Blogger C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), B. 11, no. 7379, 1997. Its dominance results in what effect to the FHR baseline? A. Insert a spiral electrode and turn off the logic 3, pp. Deceleration patterns, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. A. Idioventricular A. B. Neutralizes B. Catecholamine Approximately half of those babies who survive may develop long-term neurological or developmental defects. Higher Reducing lactic acid production C. Norepinephrine, Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system? Fetal heart rate accelerations are also noted to change with advancing gestational age. This review describes the features of normal fetal heart rate patterns at different gestations and the physiological responses of a preterm fetus compared to a fetus at term. c. Fetal position She is not bleeding and denies pain. C. Terbutaline, The initial response in treating a primigravida being induced for preeclampsia who has a seizure is Increase A. Doppler flow studies Published by on June 29, 2022. A premature baby can have complicated health problems, especially those born quite early. C. Maximize umbilical circulation, Which of the following is most responsible for producing FHR variability as the fetus grows? Fetal systemic arterial blood pressure is considerably lower than that in an adult, averaging 55 mmHg (systolic/diastolic, approximately 70/45 mmHg) at term.