The five pillars of well-being are defined and measured separately but are correlated constructs that together are considered to result in flourishing (Seligman, 2011). Cleveland, International journal of mental health nursing. All rights reserved. Physical Activity and Mental Health of Medical Students from Poland and Belarus-Countries with Different Restrictive Approaches during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). Babicka-Wirkus A, Kozowski P, Wirkus , Stasiak K. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3, Hoover, E. (2020). The data were screened and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, v25). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Bookshelf Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. (2011). Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Engagement coping includes problem-focused coping and some forms of emotion-focused coping, such as support seeking, emotion regulation, acceptance, and cognitive restructuring. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. With each PERMA element individually rendering to flourishing mental health, specific targeted positive psychology interventions might be offered as domain-specific interventions. L = Loneliness. Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Your classes may now be virtual. Students use of self-blame (mean), Fig 9. The relationship between psychological capital, coping with stress, well-being, and performance. One of the distinguishing characteristics of PsyCap is its malleability and openness to change and development (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2006). Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. Medicine, Psychology. Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. M. (2006). The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Helpful strategies of coping Of the final 609 participants, 73.7% (n = 449) identified as female, 22% (n = 139) identified as male, and 4.3% (n = 26) identified as non-binary. You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. By administering the PERMA-Profiler to university students, counselors could identify and understand what dimension of well-being should be further developed (Umucu et al., 2020). The impact of business school students psychological capital on academic performance. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Now is my chance to help others. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Learn more about whole health and what you can do to improve your overall wellness including preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social The U.S. Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). Epub 2021 May 12. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541572. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062106, Deaton, A. Copyright 2023 Mental Health America, Inc. preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak, College During COVID: Balancing Academics & Fun, One Love Foundation x Mental Health America, How The Human-Animal Bond Increases Resilience And Empowers Us To Thrive, Managing Video Anxiety During Teletherapy, COVID-19 And Loneliness: When It Seems Like No One Cares, Maintaining Hope In The Face Of Uncertainty, Preparing For The Holidays During COVID-19, Be Kind to Your Mind: Stress Coping Strategies During COVID-19 (Webinar Recording), Facebook Live: Support Animals and COVID-19 Anxiety, Processing Big Changes: Grief And Loss During COVID-19. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. OH https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813517003, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Jensen, S. M. (2012). For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). Physical health significantly reduced from 6.58 to 5.91. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510676, Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Fig 1. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Researchers have recommended coping skills training for university students to modify maladaptive coping strategies and enhance pre-existing adaptive coping styles Random House. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1560229. Results of a repeated-measures ANOVA presented in Figure 1 indicate that mean scores of PERMA decreased significantly during COVID-19: = .620; F (5,604) = 73.99, p < .001. The .gov means its official. WebAlly parents are parents of trans* and nonbinary youth across the country who volunteer their time to support young people who may lack or not yet have parental support. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Mallhi TH, Ahmad N, Salman M, Tanveer N, Shah S, Butt MH, Alatawi AD, Alotaibi NH, Rahman HU, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Alzahrani MS, Alshehri S, Aljabri A, Khan YH. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). 405415). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738, Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). Academic stress, coping, emotion regulation, affect and psychosomatic symptoms in higher education. Note. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. You might have lost funding or your job. Atria Books. WebCOVID-19 pandemic made a sudden shift of all ages to online learning and distance learning instructions. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Point-biserial correlation Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. OH Structural equation modeling in Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS, v23) software was used to test the mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between PsyCap and change in PERMA scores. Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. Eat well. Northwestern University. 2011;81: 101107: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01077.x (2015). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. Further, the present findings highlight the importance of examining the relationships between each element of well-being and with each HERO dimension. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. The results also showed that the youngest students had the lowest coping skills. https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321332. National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2014. International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28178. Well-being scores across all PERMA elements, including physical health, were lower than those reported retrospectively prior to the pandemic. As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. A non-empirical research design was adopted for this study. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related. WebThus, the objective of this study was aimed at accentuating the coping strategies of students for online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. Shift in Predictive Roles of PsyCap HERO Dimensions As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. The questionnaire included items related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, education classification, and employment status. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? The Journal of Education for Business, 87(5), 253259. The predictive role of resilience on positive emotion, accomplishment, negative emotion, and loneliness also became significant during COVID-19. government site. To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. These strategies can be harmful and unhealthy with regard to effectively coping with stressors. College Quarterly, 16(1). Exercise regularly. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21212, Demerouti, E., van Eeuwijk, E., Snelder, M., & Wild, U. Avey, J. Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. You dont have to fix their problems. National Library of Medicine Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279287. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Are you able to do these activities? The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). The coping strategy of active coping (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 4. responded. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Support expected during the pandemic:. (2013). Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. B., & Everette James, A. University Students and Mental Health And there are ways to lessen your stress. Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. View 3 excerpts, references results and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, International journal of environmental research and public health. Cleveland, Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). Journal of Affective Disorders. Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. Further, they have negative associations with stress, burnout, negative health outcomes, and undesirable behaviors at the individual, team, and organizational levels (Avey, Reichard, et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2014). Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that PsyCap predicted well-being, and structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies between PsyCap and well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. In this context, it could be useful to understand issues that people find most concerning and ways in which they cope with stress. This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Data Collection Procedures The measure demonstrates acceptable reliability, cross-time stability, and evidence for convergent and divergent validity (Butler & Kern, 2016). Fig 2. Occupy your mind with puzzles. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. There are many ways to categorize coping responses (e.g., engagement coping and disengagement coping, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, accommodative coping and meaning-focused coping, proactive coping). Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). (2014). The aim of this study was to understand how the sudden changes and uncertainty resulting from the pandemic affected the well-being of university students during the early period of the pandemic. An official website of the United States government. Perception towards E-learning and COVID-19 on the mental health status of university students in Malaysia. Coping strategies with insignificant mediating role are not included in the table. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. * p < .05, ** p < .01. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! (2009). Gallup. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. Good relationships, good performance: The mediating role of psychological capital: A three-wave study among students. 216.368.2000 Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). Instruments Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Students use of self-blame (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19, MeSH Thus, there is potential for counselors to develop well-being promotion initiatives for students on university campuses targeting PsyCap and its constituting positive psychological HERO resources with the end goal of strengthening well-being (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2015; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Simon & Schuster. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. They could also be adapted to provide services online. As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. Grieve those losses, then reframe how you think about these life events. After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. Karen. Sheldon and Lyubomirsky (2006) indicated that practicing gratitude helps people to cope with negative situations because it enables them to view such situations through a more positive lens. of this manuscript. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Consider recreating important events once its safe. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. to the adversity. Mediator coping strategies. These feelings are normal. Partial eta squared was reported as the measure of effect size. Establish a routine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. A positive approach to management education: The relationship between academic PsyCap and student engagement. Wiley. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern, and the effects continue to be widespread and ongoing. Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Penguin. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Brief COPE Questionnaire The experiences and emotional responses of finalyear nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID19 pandemic were explored, and the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation were identified. The coping strategy of planning (mean) among students in individual program years (F, Fig 5. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Palmer, N. F. (2016). Gallagher RP. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). Int J Environ Res Public Health. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Each item is rated on an 11-point scale ranging from never (0) to always (10), or not at all (0) to completely (10). Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Among university students, healthy coping strategies could buffer them from some of the unique challenges associated with acculturating and adjusting to college experiences (Jardin et al., 2018), especially during a pandemic. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.609844, Luthans, F., Avey, J. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Do you have other coping strategies that have helped you reduce stress related to COVID-19? Future researchers examining well-being in university students in different regions of the country or internationally may wish to further investigate the applicability of the PERMA model as a measure of university students well-being during the pandemic.
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