Thousands of Huguenots were in Paris celebrating the marriage of Henry of Navarre to Marguerite de Valois on Saint Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572. Most South African Huguenots settled in the, The majority of Australians with French ancestry are descended from Huguenots. Stadtholder William III of Orange, who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of king Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. Then he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favoured professions. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. The last active Huguenot congregation in North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to 'little Hugos', or 'those who want Hugo'.[6]. [63] It states in article 3: "This application does not, however, affect the validity of past acts by the person or rights acquired by third parties on the basis of previous laws. [103][104] The only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover,[101] and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. [1][2][3], The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. [81] In colonial New York city they switched from French to English or Dutch by 1730.[82]. In Bad Karlshafen, Hessen, Germany is the Huguenot Museum and Huguenot archive. See our Huguenot Surname Cross Surname and Variations -- Christian Name Ag / Agee / Oage -- Matthieu Allaire -- Alexandre Alle / Alley / Alie / Alyer / d'Ailly -- Nicolas Menndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives. They ultimately decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon in 180607. Since then, it sharply decreased as the Huguenots were no longer tolerated by both the French royalty and the Catholic masses. [100] In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. [99] Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London. Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3pm. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the county's Calvinist hub. 3rd. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society. On 12 May 1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. The Huguenots transformed themselves into a definitive political movement thereafter. He called this tip of the peninsula which jutted out into Newark Bay, "Bird's Point". autumn snoop says 8 March 2017 at 12:22 am. Huguenots fled first to neighboring countries, the Netherlands, the Swiss cantons, England, and some German states, and a few thousand of them farther away to Russia, Scandinavia, British North America, and the Dutch Cape colony in southern Africa.About 2,000 Huguenots settled in New York, South Carolina, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island in the . [80] In upstate New York they merged with the Dutch Reformed community and switched first to Dutch and then in the early 19th century to English. This was about 21% of all the recorded Hubert's in USA. The British government ignored the complaints made by local craftsmen about the favouritism shown to foreigners. As a major Protestant nation, England patronised and helped protect Huguenots, starting with Queen Elizabeth I in 1562,[85] with the first Huguenots settling in Colchester in 1565. It is the last name of former New York Yankees baseball player, Derek Jeter. Reply. By 1687 Huguenots made up about 20 percent of the population of Berlin, making Berlin seem almost as much a French town as a German one. If you would like any more information, please email admin@huguenotmuseum.org or call on 01634 789 347. The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau, which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. It was in this year that some Huguenots destroyed the tomb and remains of Saint Irenaeus (d. 202), an early Church father and bishop who was a disciple of Polycarp. ), Swiss political leader) of dialectal eyguenot, from German dialectal Eidgenosse, confederate, from Middle High German eitgenz : eit . He was a pastor. [116] John Arnold Fleming wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 Huguenot Influence in Scotland,[117] while sociologist Abraham Lavender, who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to Calvinist customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people.[118]. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. In France, Calvinists in the United Protestant Church of France and also some in the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine consider themselves Huguenots. Dr Kathleen Chater has been tracing her own family history for over 30 years. A Huguenot cemetery is located in the centre of Dublin, off St. Stephen's Green. not (hyoog-nt) n. A French Protestant of the 16th to 18th centuries. Ultimately, whatever the roots, the meaning of the term . The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient. In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina. Instead of being in Purgatory after death, according to Catholic doctrine, they came back to harm the living at night. [59], By the 1760s Protestantism was no longer a favourite religion of the elite. L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit in New York, founded in 1628, is older, but it left the French Reformed movement in 1804 to become part of the Episcopal Church. The government encouraged descendants of exiles to return, offering them French citizenship in a 15 December 1790 law: All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals (naturels franais) and will benefit from rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. Andr Trocm preached against discrimination as the Nazis were gaining power in neighbouring Germany and urged his Protestant Huguenot congregation to hide Jewish refugees from the Holocaust. "[10], Some have suggested the name was derived, with similar intended scorn, from les guenon de Hus (the 'monkeys' or 'apes of Jan Hus'). Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia. "Genealogical Research in Nova Scotia" by Terrance Punch - ISBN 1-55109-235-2 - Terry is a professionally accredited Canadian genealogist who specializes in immigration from Ireland, Germany and Montbliard (Huguenot Protestants French-Swiss border area). The main provincial towns and cities experiencing massacres were Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Meaux, Orlans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes.[47]. Apart from the French village name and that of the local rugby team, Fleur De Lys RFC, little remains of the French heritage. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, several Huguenots including Edmund Bohun of Suffolk, England, Pierre Bacot of Touraine France, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux of Grenoble, immigrated to the Charleston Orange district. Huguenot Memorial Park in Jacksonville, Florida. French became the language of the educated elite and of the court at Potsdam on the outskirts of Berlin. Following this exodus, Huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of France: the rugged Cvennes region in the south. In the early 1700s, the Palatines , refugees from modern-day Germany, also came here. For example, E.I. For over 150 years, Huguenots were allowed to hold their services in Lady Chapel in St. Patrick's Cathedral. [93][94] The immigrants assimilated well in terms of using English, joining the Church of England, intermarriage and business success. Huguenot, any of the Protestants in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. [42][43], The French Wars of Religion began with the Massacre of Vassy on 1 March 1562, when dozens[8] (some sources say hundreds[44]) of Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. New Rochelle, located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. Research genealogy for Norma Jane "Jane" Haas of Chittenango, New York, as well as other members of the Haas family, on Ancestry. [citation needed], With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated. Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. By 1600, it had declined to 78%,[citation needed] and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV, who instituted the dragonnades to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685. The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. Baird, Charles W. "History of the Huguenot Emigration to America." They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstonetowns in which there used to be refugee churches. A peace treaty was arranged in 1658, and the Dutch returned", "444 Years: The Massacre of the Huguenot Christians in America", "Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields Huguenot Public Art Trust", "Eglise Protestante Franaise de Londres", "The Huguenot Chapel (Black Prince's Chantry)", "The Strangers who enriched Norwich and Norfolk life", "The strangers and the canaries - Football Welcomes 2018", "Paths to Pluralism: South Africa's Early History", Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Mitterrand's Apology to the Huguenots (in French). History: As a name of Swiss German origin (see 1 above) the surname Martin is very common among the American Mennonites. Hello. A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled on a small island. However, in France, the name France is ranked the 2,810 th . They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. [4], A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Several picture galleries can be viewed online, including Huguenot trades [Hugenottisches . [45] The Michelade by Huguenotes against Catholics was later on 29 September 1567. During the eighteen months of the reign of Francis II, Mary encouraged a policy of rounding up French Huguenots on charges of heresy and putting them in front of Catholic judges, and employing torture and burning as punishments for dissenters. This group of Huguenots from southern France had frequent issues with the strict Calvinist tenets that are outlined in many of John Calvin's letters to the synods of the Languedoc. Typically the Annual French Service takes place on the first or second Sunday after Easter in commemoration of the signing of the Edict of Nantes. 1491-1532? Inhabited by Camisards, it continues to be the backbone of French Protestantism. One of the most active Huguenot groups is in Charleston, South Carolina. The exodus brought new crafts and practices to the host nations and represented a substantial loss to the former nation states. During the second wave, before and after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, refugees came mostly from the Dauphin, Cvennes and Languedoc regions; the major route of exodus was the passage from Lake Geneva to the Rhine River. They were determined to end religious oppression. Some Huguenot immigrants settled in central and eastern Pennsylvania. Isaac and Esther's first three children were born in Mannheim between the years 1668 and 1673. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. The surnames Boileau and Des Voeux have disappeared from this locality only a few years ago, General Boileau and Major Des Voeux with their families having left Portarlington. After revoking the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots civil rights, in October 1685, Louis XIV forbade them to leave France on pain of imprisonment, torture and death. Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. They arrange tours, talks, events and schools programmes to raise the Huguenot profile in Spitalfields and raise funds for a permanent memorial to the Huguenots. [35] The height of this persecution was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August, 1572, when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed, although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well, as some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centres of power in southern France. You can see a list of Huguenot surnames at Huguenot-France.org and another list of those who migrated to the UK and Ireland at LibraryIreland. Prince Louis de Cond, along with his sons Daniel and Osias,[citation needed] arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604. French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. [107][108][109][110][111] Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite War in Ireland, for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in Dublin. Although services are conducted largely in English, every year the church holds an Annual French Service, which is conducted entirely in French using an adaptation of the Liturgies of Neufchatel (1737) and Vallangin (1772). Mine started well with 2 Huguenot children, Peter and Mary Petit, arriving from France all alone. They were regarded as groups supporting the French Republic, which Action Franaise sought to overthrow. Other editions - View all. The superstition of our ancestors, to within twenty or thirty years thereabouts, was such that in almost all the towns in the kingdom they had a notion that certain spirits underwent their Purgatory in this world after death, and that they went about the town at night, striking and outraging many people whom they found in the streets. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. Some Huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship. By then, most Protestants were Cvennes peasants. The term may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besanon Hugues (died 1532) and the religiously conflicted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time. [28] They were suppressed by Francis I in 1545 in the Massacre of Mrindol. [84] This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to c.2million at that time. Although the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known, on 2324 August, between 2,000[48] and 3,000[49][50][51] Protestants were killed in Paris and a further 3,000[52] to 7,000 more[53] in the French provinces. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'glise franaise la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). In the United States there are several Huguenot worship groups and societies. Most of the refugees from the German . Huguenots with that surname are not only found in French Switzerland, but also emigrated from . The Pennsylvania-German, Volume 12 . [41], In 1561, the Edict of Orlans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognised the Huguenots for the first time. [112] Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle, their former strong-hold in France. The last Afrikaner President was named F. W. de Klerk, his surname being a form of Le Clerc. The Huguenot population of France dropped to 856,000 by the mid-1660s, of which a plurality lived in rural areas. "Huguenot Trails" publications are available in the periodicals section of the Quebec Family History Society in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. Gt. Most of these Frenchmen were Huguenots who had fled from the religious persecutions in France, and, after a sojourn in Holland, had sought a field of greater opportunity in the New World. The Huguenots did not enslave people in France or Germany, but they soon took up the practice in their new homeland. The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) who were involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential and zealously Catholic House of Guise. Persecution diminished the number of Huguenots who remained in France. This week's compilation, " France Huguenot Family Lineage Searches ," is designed to help you find your Protestant ancestors in 16 th to 18 th century France. One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. Some of these French settlers were Calvinist or Reformed Protestants (Huguenots) who fled religious persecution in France. The bulk of Huguenot migrs moved to Protestant states such as the Dutch Republic, England and Wales, Protestant-controlled Ireland, the Channel Islands, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the electorates of Brandenburg and the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Duchy of Prussia. Winston Churchill was the most prominent Briton of Huguenot descent, deriving from the Huguenots who went to the colonies; his American grandfather was Leonard Jerome. The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. Louisiana had the highest population of Hubert families in 1840. By the time Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Huguenots accounted for 800,000 to 1million people. . It sought an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. In Bad Karlshafen, Hessen, Germany is the Huguenot Museum and Huguenot archive. [61], Article 4 of 26 June 1889 Nationality Law stated: "Descendants of families proscribed by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes will continue to benefit from the benefit of 15 December 1790 Law, but on the condition that a nominal decree should be issued for every petitioner. In 1840 there were 10 Hubert families living in Louisiana. Dutch immigrants were among the first groups of European settlers. Helped establish the Scottish weaving trade. Scoville, Warren C. "The Huguenots and the diffusion of technology. [16][17], The new teaching of John Calvin attracted sizeable portions of the nobility and urban bourgeoisie. ", Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century. With the precedent of a historical alliancethe Auld Alliancebetween Scotland and France; Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700. [56], Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 villes de sret ('cities of protection' or 'protected cities') that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. In the United States, the name France is the 2,209 th most popular surname with an estimated 14,922 people with that name. [77] Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. In the 18th century Germany looked to France as the model of civilization. He wrote in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots (1965), that Huguenot is: a combination of a Dutch and a German word. . In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism illegal. However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics. [46], In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris and similar massacres took place in other towns in the following weeks. Effects. Wittrock (= a German surname) Grz. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629 in which the Reformed areas revolted against royal authority. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom were intellectuals, doctors and business leaders whose skills were transferred to Britain as well as Holland, Prussia, South Africa and other places they fled to. The French Huguenot Church of Charleston, which remains independent, is the oldest continuously active Huguenot congregation in the United States. The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise, both of whichin addition to holding rival religious viewsstaked a claim to the French throne. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it appears to have come from the word aignos, derived from the German Eidgenossen (confederates bound together by oath), which used to describe, between 1520 and 1524, the patriots of Geneva hostile to the duke of Savoy. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after travelling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Barred by the government from settling in New France, Huguenots led by Jess de Forest, sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey); as well as Great Britain's colonies, including Nova Scotia. Many descendants of the French Huguenots in South Africa still . He started teaching in Rotterdam, where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Bezanson Hugues (14911532? The Huguenots of religion were influenced by John Calvin's works and established Calvinist synods. [citation needed] Mary returned to Scotland a widow, in the summer of 1561. Long after the sect was suppressed by Francis I, the remaining French Waldensians, then mostly in the Luberon region, sought to join Farel, Calvin and the Reformation, and Olivtan published a French Bible for them. [69] The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.[70]. One of the more notable Huguenot descendants in Ireland was Sen Lemass (18991971), who was appointed as Taoiseach, serving from 1959 until 1966. Page 168. After centuries, most Huguenots have assimilated into the various societies and cultures where they settled. Some 40,000-50,000 settled in England, mostly in towns near the sea in the southern districts, with the largest concentration in London where they constituted about 5% of the total population in 1700. Huguenot legacy persists both in France and abroad. Is an Index of family names appearing in "Huguenot Trails", the official publication of the Huguenot Society of Canada, from 1968 to 2003. Bette Davis (1908-1989), American actress, descended from the Huguenot Favor family on her mother's side. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. Dictionary of American Family . The Huguenot Society of America maintains the Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as a historic shrine with occasional services. "Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Identities, 15481787". Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied themselves to the Huguenots, adding wealth and territorial holdings to the Protestant strength, which at its height grew to sixty fortified cities, and posed a serious and continuous threat to the Catholic crown and Paris over the next three decades. In 1646, the land was granted to Jacob Jacobson Roy, a gunner at the fort in New Amsterdam (now Manhattan), and named "Konstapel's Hoeck" (Gunner's Point in Dutch). A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins. Joan Crawford (1905-1977), American actress, descended from the Huguenots, Dr Pierre Chastain and Chretien DuBois, on her father's side. [76] Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbours. The Huguenots. Another 4,000 Huguenots settled in the German territories of Baden, Franconia (Principality of Bayreuth, Principality of Ansbach), Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, Duchy of Wrttemberg, in the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts, in the Palatinate and Palatine Zweibrcken, in the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt), in modern-day Saarland; and 1,500 found refuge in Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony. German who had married an American girl, the daughter of a man from Avignon and a woman of Franche Comt6. [citation needed] Surveys suggest that Protestantism has grown in recent years, though this is due primarily to the expansion of evangelical Protestant churches which particularly have adherents among immigrant groups that are generally considered distinct from the French Huguenot population. Their fourth child, Isaac Jr., was born in 1681, after the family moved to New . Overall, Huguenot presence was heavily concentrated in the western and southern portions of the French kingdom, as nobles there secured practise of the new faith. Page 166. The WikiTree Huguenot Migration Project defines "Huguenot" to include any French-speaking Protestants (whatever branch or denomination) that left (emigrated from) their homeland (France or borderlands such as Provence, Navarre or the Spanish-Netherlands - today's Belgium) due to religious persecution or intolerance. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, who was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in 1610. . [95][96] Many became private tutors, schoolmasters, travelling tutors and owners of riding schools, where they were hired by the upper class.[97]. [33] Since the Huguenots had political and religious goals, it was commonplace to refer to the Calvinists as "Huguenots of religion" and those who opposed the monarchy as "Huguenots of the state", who were mostly nobles.[34]. [123] The last prime minister of East Germany, Lothar de Maizire,[124] is also a descendant of a Huguenot family, as is the former German Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizire. Our research is done by experienced and dedicated . And yet another fact hard to deny is that the Huguenot French component seems to have persevered to a greater extent culturally than the German. The first groups of German immigrants to the US began to arrive as early as the 1670s. These included Languedoc-Roussillon, Gascony and even a strip of land that stretched into the Dauphin. "Identity Lost: Huguenot Refugees in the Dutch Republic and its Former Colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 To 1750: A Comparison". Are you a descendant of a Huguenot Family? [87] London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community. Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast riots in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves torn down. A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France,[6] who reigned long before the Reformation. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. It moved to Rochester in 1959, and now provides sheltered homes for fifty-five residents. [citation needed], In the early 21st century, there were approximately one million Protestants in France, representing some 2% of its population. Page 363. [31] William Farel was a student of Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation, establishing a Protestant republican government in Geneva. Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that was built of stone. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city.
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