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The justices hear oral arguments in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, the court fight over Mississippi's 15-week ban. Weddington replied that she saw no problem with jurisdiction and continued to talk about a constitutional right to abortion. And those principles, applied in the Casey case, explain when cases should be revisited and when they should not.. "[140], In the 1960s, there was an alliance between the population control movement and the abortion-rights movement in the United States. The Phoenix of Abortional Freedom: Is a Penumbral or Ninth-Amendment Right About to Arise from the Nineteenth-Century Legislative Ashes of a Fourteenth-Century Common-Law Liberty? [47] In 1971, Shirley Wheeler was charged with manslaughter after Florida hospital staff reported her illegal abortion to the police. [222] She became worried and wondered, "What really, had I done? Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973),[1] was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States generally protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion. Concerns rose that abortions would also become compulsory. [210] He compared this to what was in fact written in the book,[211] which was that "when actually faced with the issue for decision, almost all of the jurisdictions have allowed recovery even though the injury occurred during the early weeks of pregnancy, when the child was neither viable nor quick. Wade. People who live in states with bans face long trips. This is thought to be due to the fact they now had fewer opportunities to financially support grandchildren. The Supreme Court issues a decision in the disputes over Texas' S.B. [177], In concurring opinions, Justice O'Connor refused to reconsider Roe, and Justice Antonin Scalia criticized the Court and Justice O'Connor for not overruling Roe. [400] In 2021, an ABC News/Washington Post poll found that 58% of those with children living at home wanted to see Roe v. Wade upheld, compared to 62% of those without children at home. It has been reaffirmed many times over the past 45 years, as you know, and most prominently, most importantly, reaffirmed in Planned Parenthood v. Casey.. The court on June 24 ruled 6-3 to uphold a Mississippi law that would ban abortion after 15 weeks of pregnancy, but also to overturn the nearly half-century precedent set in Roe v. Wade that . Citing its 2016 decision striking down Texas; requirements, the Supreme Court rules 5-4 to invalidate Louisiana's admitting-privileges law in the case June Medical Services vs. Russo. Washington The fight over the constitutional right to abortion reached its zenith Friday, when the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in a highly anticipated decision in a legal fight. "[284] Only Justice Blackmun wanted to retain Roe entirely and issue a decision completely in favor of Planned Parenthood. [377] They limited the question to a review of standing. [253] Not all states permit a parent to sue for wrongful birth[254] or a child to sue for wrongful life. [305], Justice Ginsburg, joined by Justices Stevens, Souter, and Breyer, dissented,[299] contending that the ruling ignored precedent and that abortion rights should instead be justified by equality. His response was that "we all pick up tags. [281], The plurality also found that a fetus was now viable at 23 or 24 weeks rather than at the 28 week line from 1973. Before the landmark Roe v. Wade decision, abortion was banned in two-thirds of states, and an estimated 1.2 million women a year resorted to illegal, often dangerous back-alley abortions. "[216], In a 1983 interview for a newspaper journalist, he responded that he was "mildly annoyed at those, law professors included, who personalize it" because "it was a decision of the court, not my decision. I feel very strongly about those social issues, but I also place my confidence in the fact that the one thing that I do seek are judges that will interpret the law and not write the law. No. [186], In response to Roe v. Wade, most states enacted or attempted to enact laws limiting or regulating abortion, such as laws requiring parental consent or parental notification for minors to obtain abortions; spousal mutual consent laws; spousal notification laws; laws requiring abortions to be performed in hospitals, not clinics; laws barring state funding for abortions; laws banning intact dilation and extraction, also known as partial-birth abortion; laws requiring waiting periods before abortions; and laws mandating that women read certain types of literature and watch a fetal ultrasound before undergoing an abortion. [Roe] is bad because it is bad constitutional law, or rather because it is not constitutional law and gives almost no sense of an obligation to try to be. Women subjected to an abortion will not be criminally culpable or civilly liable under the law. We did not do a good job. [328][329] A press release from the Supreme Court confirmed the leaked document's authenticity, and Chief Justice John Roberts in a statement described its release as a "betrayal of the confidences of the Court". [175] With a broader interpretation of the right to an abortion, it would be possible to require all new obstetricians to be in favor of abortion rights, lest as professionals they employ conscience clauses and refuse to perform abortions. [7] White's dissent, which was issued with Roe's companion case, Doe v. Bolton, argued that the Court had no basis for deciding between the competing values of pregnant women and unborn children. The Senate confirms John Roberts as the 17th chief justice of the United States. [7] He elaborated on several of White's points and asserted that the Court's historical analysis was flawed. How wrong we were. The document was not a final decision, and the justices were still able to change their votes. Weddington continued to represent the pseudonymous Jane Roe, and Texas Assistant Attorney General Robert C. Flowers replaced Jay Floyd for Texas. WASHINGTON Since the confirmation of Associate Justice Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court of the United States, social media has lit up with claims about overturning Roe v. Wade, the. We've had too many examples in recent years of courts and judges legislating."[261]. Federal bills, amendments, or laws regarding Roe include the Women's Health Protection Act, Freedom of Choice Act, Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Born-Alive Infants Protection Act, Unborn Victims of Violence Act, Interstate Abortion Bill, No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995, Sanctity of Human Life Act, Sanctity of Life Act, Hyde Amendment, Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, and the Baby Doe Law. At issue, though, were procedural questions raised by the measure's enforcement mechanism, including who can sue and when, not whether the ban violates the Supreme Court's abortion precedents. Named for Rep. Henry Hyde, a Republican from Illinois, the policy is not a law but is included in the Department of Health and Human Services appropriations bill and renewed by Congress each year. It is time to heed the Constitution and return the issue of abortion to the peoples elected representatives, Alito wrote in the majority opinion, which also called the original Roe decision egregiously wrong and deeply damaging.. He also understood why the other justices could not be assigned to write the opinions: Douglas was too liberal for the public to accept his word. [249] He found Roe to be a continuation of the Court's practice of granting only a limited stature to the right to procreate,[250] since the Court's decision treated procreation as less important than the right to privacy. Washington The fight over the constitutional right to abortion reached its zenith Friday, when the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in a highly anticipated decision in a legal fight over aMississippi lawbanning abortions after 15 weeks of pregnancy. Texas's lawyers had argued that limiting abortion to situations where the mother's life was in danger was justified because life began at the moment of conception, and therefore the state's governmental interest in protecting prenatal life applied to all pregnancies regardless of their stage. Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education, Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Liberal groups have voiced concerns about Kavanaughs nomination because, if confirmed, hes expected to help swing the court to the right for decades. Abortion Laws" predicted that if abortion were to be legalized, "the possibility of community opposition is slight". He was coaxed out of the action by his colleagues, and instead his dissent was merely mentioned in the reargument order without further statement or opinion. [161] Polls also found that men and women have similar views on abortion,[162] which are linked to how people think about motherhood, sex, and women's social roles; supporters of Roe and abortion rights tend to see women's ability to make decisions about their bodies as fundamental to gender equality. 1217 (N.D. Tex. [68] The Court allowed him to join the suit as a physician-intervenor on behalf of Jane Roe. You can have the final word," Mr. Biden said. [341][1] President Nixon did not publicly comment about Roe v. Those states include California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Nevada, and Washington. "[216] In the regulations for abortions on demand, the state required prior written consent from a parent if the patient was a minor or a spouse if the patient was married. The Supreme Court rules 7-2 in favor of Jane Roe, establishing the constitutional right to an abortion under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which it says protects the right to privacy. He argued that the right to marital privacy and the limitation of family size from Griswold v. Connecticut also applied here, although he acknowledged that "on the other side is the belief of many that the fetus, once formed, is a member of the human family and that mere personal inconvenience cannot justify the fetus' destruction." [78] Douglas' dissent made a similar legal argument to the one used two years later in Roe v. "[135], There was a strong response to the decision shortly after it was issued. The court upholds the federal ban on late-term abortions, finding 5-4 in the case Gonzales v. Carhartthat it was not unconstitutionally vague and did not impose an undue burden on the right to an abortion. Meeting the qualifications for those exceptions is expected to be difficult. [177] Justice Blackmun stated in his dissent that Justices White, Kennedy and Rehnquist were "callous" and "deceptive," that they deserved to be charged with "cowardice and illegitimacy," and that their plurality opinion "foments disregard for the law. As of May 2022, legislators in 13 states have passed "trigger laws," or abortion bans designed to go into effect if Roe is overturned. Roe has come to be known as the case that legalized abortion nationwide. [308], In 2013, the Texas legislature enacted restrictions which required abortion doctors to have admitting privileges at a local hospital and required abortion clinics to have facilities equivalent to others which conducted outpatient surgery. According to the same poll, 52% of the participants called the court's decision a "step backward" for America, 31% said it is a "step forward", and 17% say it was neither.[402]. Bush and George W. Bush, respectively. A Stanford Law School graduate who clerked for Justice Clarence Thomas, Mr. Stewart is most immediately targeting the court's 48-year reliance on fetal viability (approximately 24 weeks of. 3:12cv436-DPJ-FKB, No. The statute also prohibits the use of public employees and facilities to perform or assist abortions not necessary to save the mother's life. [83], As she began speaking for the oral argument, Sarah Weddington was unaware that the Court had decided to hear the case in order to decide which courts had jurisdiction to hear it rather than as an attempt to overturn abortion laws in a broad ruling. But I've learned it was not granite. "[292] Justice Scalia joined Justice Thomas's dissent and also wrote his own, stating that partial-birth abortion is "so horrible that the most clinical description of it evokes a shudder of revulsion" and that this case proved Casey was "unworkable". Justices Byron White and William Rehnquist dissented from the Court's decision. Pennsylvania's legislature amends the Abortion Control Act of 1982 to contain five provisions that are then challenged by abortion clinics and a physician as being unconstitutional. The Court reasoned that outlawing abortions would infringe a pregnant woman's right to privacy for several reasons: having unwanted children "may force upon the woman a distressful life and future"; it may bring imminent psychological harm; caring for the child may tax the mother's physical and mental health; and because there may be "distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child". He was appointed by President Bill Clinton. That case challenged a law in Mississippi that banned most abortions after 15 weeks. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. The Senate confirms Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Court. In 1973, the Roe v. Wade case was ruled in favour of Roe and stated the stringent criminalization of abortion in Texas was deemed unconstitutional under the fourteenth amendment. [227] In 1998, she testified to Congress: It was my pseudonym, Jane Roe, which had been used to create the "right" to abortion out of legal thin air. Blackmun's papers made available since his death contain at least seven citations[100] for Lader's 1966 book, Abortion. States now have the right to ban or otherwise heavily restrict abortion if . [401] After the Supreme Court's decision in June 2022 to overturn Roe v. Wade, a new CBC News/YouGov poll showed 59% disapprove of the decision, and of women polled, 67% disapprove. You would say, 'the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right to life, liberty, and property without due process and all that shit. [141] Abortion rights were especially supported by younger women within the population control movement. The case continued under the name Roe v. Wade instead of being switched to Wade v. Roe. [104] Roy Lucas, the principal attorney assisting Weddington and Coffee, had previously received a memo from his colleague David M. Tundermann about Means's scholarship. "[219], In 1992, he stood by the analytical framework he established in Roe during the subsequent Casey case. [158], Most polls in the late 2010s and early 2020s showed overwhelming support,[18] at between 85 and 90 percent, among Americans that abortion should be legal in at least some circumstances, which varies or drops depending on the specifics. (Roe v. Wade, 1973). It is one or the other. "[59][60] Both McCorvey's whiteness and her lower social class were crucial factors in the attorneys' choice to have her as their plaintiff. The Supreme Court issues its decision in Rust v. Sullivan, ruling 5-4 that Department of Health and Human Services regulations restricting Title X grant recipients from engaging in abortion-related activities do not violate the constitutional rights of clients and medical providers. Most obviously, the right to terminate a pregnancy arose straight out of the right to purchase and use contraception. [385] Since Roe, the risk of death due to legal abortion fell considerably due to increased physician skills, improved medical technology, and earlier termination of pregnancy. USA TODAY. Attorney General Merrick Garland has said the Justice Department would fight any Republican efforts to restrict access to abortion pills because the medications are federally approved. [81], In his opening argument in defense of the abortion restrictions, attorney Jay Floyd made what was later described as the "worst joke in legal history". [144] An exception was Planned Parenthood-World Population, which supported repealing all laws against abortion in 1969. [89], At this point, Black and Harlan had been replaced by William Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell Jr., but the first argument had already occurred before they became Supreme Court justices. "[52] They also wanted to increase the likelihood that the panel selection would help them win in court. He also wanted the party to take stand in favor of banning abortion except for those whose lives "are in danger or who are pregnant as a result of rape or incest. This was attributed to poll respondents misunderstanding Roe v. Wade or misinterpreting the poll question. Abortion is still legal in all 50 states. The first requires a physician performing an abortion to have admitting privileges at a hospital no more than 30 miles from the abortion facility. [310], In 2016, Indiana passed House Bill 1337, enacting a law which regulated what is done with fetal remains and banning abortion for sexist, racist, or ableist purposes. "[127] Six days prior to January 22, Justice Blackmun prepared "a transcript of what I shall say, and there should be at least some reason for the press not going all the way off the deep end. In its ruling in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the Supreme Court upholds the legislation enacted in Missouri that bars public employees and public facilities from being used in performing or assisting abortions unless necessary to save the life of the mother. "[152], As members questioned the political benefits of population control rhetoric, the abortion-rights movement distanced itself from the population control movement. NBC News analyzed the distance to the nearest open abortion clinic from major cities in 21 states that either have pre-existing or pending state-level abortion bans that will go into effect. The news came Friday evening in the form of a ruling from a federal court judge who lifted the nearly three-year injunction on the law following the U.S. Supreme Court's reversal of Roe v.. The Court left the door open for as-applied challenges. Punishments include fines, prison time and revocation of medical licenses. That makes no more sense than according infants legal protection only after the point when they can feed themselves. The court lays out a trimester framework for when the state, in promoting its interests, can restrict abortion. An All In Together poll found that only 36% with children living in their house opposed the Texas Heartbeat Act, compared to 54.9% without children. On Wednesday, the Supreme Court will consider the question of whether. [183] The march was started in October 1973 by Nellie Gray and the first march took place on January 22, 1974, to mark the first anniversary of Roe v. Wade. Does Mexico want to be the next Nicaragua? A previous attempt by Democrats in Congress to advance legislation that would guarantee access to abortion nationwide was blocked last monthin a largely party-line vote. [327], On May 2, 2022, Politico released a leaked first draft of a majority opinion written by Justice Samuel Alito, which had been circulated among the court in February 2022. The New York Times is tracking abortion laws in each state after the Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, which ended the constitutional right to an. [378][379] On December 10, 2021, the Court dismissed the lawsuit on the basis that lower courts should not have accepted it. This April 26, 1989 file photo shows Norma McCorvey (L), known as The landmark ruling for US abortion rights, Roe v Wade, is back in the spotlight after the Supreme Court announced it would hear. McCorvey said she did not know. When those trained in the respective disciplines of medicine, philosophy, and theology are unable to arrive at any consensus, the judiciary, in this point in the development of man's knowledge, is not in a position to speculate as to the answer. Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of, "Roe Ruling: More Than Its Author Intended", Testimony Before Subcommittee on the Constitution, Judiciary Committee, U.S. House of Representatives, "Answer Sheet: A brief lesson on Roe v. Wade", Judges as Medical Decision Makers: Is the Cure Worse than the Disease, "Rehnquist papers offer peek inside Supreme Court", "Judges as Medical Decision Makers: Is the Cure Worse than the Disease", "Substantive Due Process by any other name: The Abortion Cases", "Records of the National Abortion Rights Action League, 19691976s", "Exclusive: Roe v. Wade's secret heroine tell her story", Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, Competitive Problems in the Drug Industry, Relf Sisters Sue for Involuntary Sterilization, "Global Challenges, Local Knowledges: Politics and Expertise at the World Population Conference in Bucharest", "Thousands gather at Women's March rallies in D.C., across U.S. to protect Roe v. Wade", "Forced Labor: A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of Abortion", What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said; The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial decision, "Majority oppose overturning Roe v. Wade: poll", "Poll: Americans Continue to Misunderstand Roe", "Why It's Possible For Some Americans To Support Abortion Yet Oppose Roe", "Men and women have similar views on abortion", "What Americans think about abortion, in 3 charts", "How Americans Really Feel About Abortion: The Sometimes Surprising Poll Results As Supreme Court Overturns Roe V. Wade", "Most people support abortion staying legal, but that may not matter in making law", "In a new U.S. poll, a majority identify as 'pro-choice' for the first time in decades", "For The First Time In Years, Democrats Are More Concerned About Abortion Than Republicans Are", "How Overturning Roe Could Change The Way Americans Think About Abortion", "Religious freedom: The next battleground for US abortion rights? 21-588), 595 U. S. ____ (Sept. 1, 2021)", "U.S. Supreme Court to hear challenge to Texas abortion ban", (Slip Opinion), 595 U. S. United States v. Texas (2021), No. In the articles, Means misrepresented the common law tradition in ways that were helpful to the Roe side. He knew that Burger could not write it himself because the abortion was too controversial, and his opinions might get rejected by the majority. WASHINGTON - The U.S. District Court judge who could end more than two decades of legal access to medication abortion underwent extensive questioning about LGBTQ equality at his December 2017 Rehnquist's dissent compared the majority's use of substantive due process to the Court's repudiated use of the doctrine in the 1905 case Lochner v. New York. [318][319] Because the Act is enforced by private citizens rather than government officials, there are no state officials that abortion providers can sue to stop the enforcement of the law, and they cannot obtain judicial relief that will stop private lawsuits from being initiated against them. Neither historian, nor layman, nor lawyer will be persuaded that all the prescriptions of Justice Blackmun are part of the Constitution. [31] More than 10 states allowed pre-quickening abortions, before the quickening distinction was eliminated,[31] and every state had anti-abortion laws by 1900. Seated from left: Supreme Court Justices Samuel Alito, Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John Roberts, Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor. If you wanted to, someone could bring a case, file it in a district court, hit the appeal button twice, and then if you get five judges together, the opinion would be the easiest thing in the world to write. In addition, the quality of his opinions had suffered recently. abortion clinic, Currier v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Governor Ivey Issues Statement After Signing the Alabama Human Life Protection Act, Alabama abortion law passes: Read the bill, Federal judge blocks Alabama abortion ban, "Texas 6-week abortion ban takes effect after Supreme Court inaction", 21A24 Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson 594 U. S. ____ (2021), Oral Argument Audio, United States v. Texas, Docket Number: 21-588, "United States v. Texas, No. He also had spelled out what was implied in Roe v. Wade but never actually stated there. On March 9, 2006, Dubay filed a lawsuit before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Rodriguez. "[317], In 2021, the state of Texas devised a legal workaround to Roe that allowed it to successfully outlaw abortion at six weeks of pregnancy despite the continued existence of Roe and Casey. Regarding the Roe decision as a whole, more Americans supported it than supported overturning it. However, Jones said she was compelled to agree that the case was moot. [383] If Roe were to be overturned by a constitutional amendment which would apply to all the states, fertility could be expected to increase by 11% because then mothers would not travel to states where abortion is legal. Wyoming is the most recent state to do so, passing a "trigger law" in March 2022. Where the important thing is to win the case no matter how, however, I suppose I agree with Means's technique: begin with a scholarly attempt at historical research; if it doesn't work, fudge it as necessary; write a piece so long that others will read only your introduction and conclusion; then keep citing it until courts begin picking it up. [217], In 1987, Justice Blackmun explained in a letter to Chief Justice Rehnquist:[218]. The court's 1973 ruling in Roe v. Wade declared that a woman has a constitutional right to terminate a pregnancy in the first six months of her pregnancy when the fetus is incapable of. Supporters of Roe contend that even if abortion rights are also supported by another portion of the constitution, the decision in 1973 accurately founds the right in the Fourteenth Amendment. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the court held that the Constitution of the United States does not confer a right to abortion.The court's decision overruled both Roe v.Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), giving individual states the full power to regulate any aspect of . [326], Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization is a case that was a legal challenge to Mississippi's 2018 Gestational Age Act, which had banned abortions after 15 weeks with exceptions only for medical emergencies or fetal abnormalities. We, therefore, conclude that the right of personal privacy includes the abortion decision, but that this right is not unqualified and must be considered against important state interests in regulation. There were 97,426 reported abortions in the 13 states with trigger laws, according to 2019 data from the CDC. "[86], McCorvey did not attend either of the oral arguments along with her two lawyers. Ken Cedeno/CNP/Bloomberg via Getty Images. / CBS News. [236], Frank Pavone, a priest with whom McCorvey talked to after the interview, reflected after her death that "There was no indication whatsoever, at the end of her life" that she had given up her pro-life positions. [321][322] Other states have copied this enforcement mechanism to sidestep Roe and immunize their anti-abortion statutes from judicial review. [169] In June 2022, Gallup reported that a 61% majority of Americans say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 37% say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. [270], In Floyd v. Anders, 440 F. Supp. The decision was opposed by Presidents Gerald Ford,[335] Ronald Reagan,[336] George W. Bush,[337] and Donald Trump. Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) called Kavanaughs answer a judicial dodge., This is not as simple as Judge Kavanaugh is saying Roe is settled law, Schumer told reporters at the time. [93] Blackmun at one point thought all seven justices wanted to vote in the majority. Cole, George; Frankowski, Stanislaw (1987). For pregnancies at 12 weeks and later, the statute also banned saline abortions,[270] in which chemicals are injected into the amniotic sac to burn the fetus. [249] He observed that although past decisions showed strong concern against the state discriminating against certain groups concerning procreation and certain other rights, the "Court has never said or indicated that these are interests which independently enjoy full-blown constitutional protection. Judge Brett Kavanaugh on Wednesday said that Roe v. Wade has been "reaffirmed many times." "Senator, I said that it's settled as a precedent of the Supreme Court entitled to respect,". But Sarah Weddington and Linda Coffee never told me that what I was signing would allow women to come up to me 15, 20 years later and say, "Thank you for allowing me to have my five or six abortions. The message concerned encouraging young people to oppose abortion. [311] In its unsigned 2019 ruling for Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the regulations about fetal remains, but declined to hear the remainder of the law, which had been blocked by lower courts. This act was passed in the House on . "[192], Justice John Paul Stevens, while agreeing with the decision, suggested that it should have been more narrowly focused on the issue of privacy. [8][9] In addition to the dissent, Roe was criticized by some in the legal community,[10][11][9] including some in support of abortion rights who thought that Roe reached the correct result but went about it the wrong way,[12][13][14] and some called the decision a form of judicial activism. The Texas legislature enacts House Bill 2, which contains two provisions at the center of a legal challenge that ultimately winds up before the Supreme Court. [370] It includes exceptions for a serious health risk to the mother or a lethal fetal anomaly, but otherwise it will make abortion a felony for the abortion doctor if it goes into effect. In this case, Dobbs v. A draft plan with fertility targets was strongly opposed by the developing countries, which surprised the delegations from the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.