. But what about those who are unable to take care of themselves? What motivated European nations to colonize Africa and Asia in the 1800s? If they could be restored they would bring back personal caprice, favoritism, sycophancy, and intrigue. Imperialists used genetics as a justified explanation to why white people were more superior to other races. The Nazis targeted certain groups or races that they considered biologically inferior for extermination. I repeat, that the superior races have a right because they have a duty. What Was the Atlantic Wall and When Was It Built? This essay examines the history of eugenics and Authors have a good chance and freedom to express themselves in different ways because of the open definition of resistance as if the definition of resistance literature is Specified this would limit the authors ability to, Darwinism And Charles Darwin's Theory Of Racism, Charles Darwin is one of the main contributors to racism through his theory of Evolution based on the notion of survival of the fittest through natural selection. Social Darwinism was a sociological theory popular in late nineteenth-century Europe and the United States. Facing History and Ourselves, "'Expansion Was Everything'," last updated April 9, 2018. Some want to get it without paying the price of industry and economy. Every step of capital won made the next step possible, up to the present hour. We have ourselves, and we have the earth; the thing which limits what we can do is the third requisitecapital. What effect was this policy likely to have on the culture and way of life of Indigenous Africans? The reader does his or her best to understand things according to the view of the author and it is not easy for some people to agree with this point of view. Hitler often refused to intervene in the promotion of officers and staff, preferring to have them fight amongst themselves to force the stronger person to prevail. . 'jqc-9^11n56(>njqoDN
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It implied that certain races were superior to others because of their technological advancements. Read about nineteenth-century Imperialism, the Congress of Berlin, and W. E. B. Copyright 2023 Facing History & Ourselves. Designed by 123DOC, 2022 AP Student Samples and Commentary AP World History Modern Document Based Question 2022 AP World History Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary 2022 College Board College Board[.] '~Nfw?Q:>{I3Ig;n?= The secret to the success of a contract society, and here the similarity to Mises is unmistakable, is that this permits large accumulations of capital to occur. . And there are two basic types of society, ones organized by status and by contract. Our headquarters are located at: 89 South Street, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02111. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> In the novella Anthem the main character receives his job or calling that he will do for the rest of his life (till hes old). basis of human differences. It (Boldface added. User: How did Social Darwinism impact New Imperialism Weegy: Social Darwinism is a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in the 1870s, which claim to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics. That life once held more poetry and romance is true enough. WebEconomical, political, and social causes were the roots of imperialism. Never did Darwin suggest that this was meant to apply to humans and their societies, cultures and races. Although Spencer was responsible for much of the foundational discourse of Social Darwinism, Darwin did say that human progress was driven by evolutionary processes that human intelligence was refined by competition. For indeed, while the exploration of the valley of the Congo was the occasion of the scramble for Africa, the cause lay deeper. Webng nhp bng facebook. uU$u,3:YKRKVTm7>8~_f1I`7/_}Cs]>_~_nw6~t>Q6P?=/O37_Gyyzs~zsu7~? Is this power narrowly or widely distributed? All these examples bring along questions that need to be answered: Where does power lie? SeeHealth and Safety. Therefore humanity should embrace the natural course of history. Julian Huxley and H. B. D. Kittlewell even concluded that social Darwinism "led to the glorification of free enterprise, laissez-faire economics and war, to an unscientific eugenics and racism, and eventually to Hitler and Nazi ideology" (in Huxley and Kittlewell, 1965, p. 81). The results of their efforts can be seen in the following map. First, the way European fit and discouraging that of the unfit. He Adapted with permission of Harvard University FRz<6lxRLi]Bb`n%h.X16K]9~O(+"_FCdW2zv Du Bois analysis of the profound consequences of Europe's colonization of Africa. The argument goes that Nazi Germany represented the logical progression of a godless world. History Hit brings you the stories that shaped the world through our award winning podcast network and an online history channel. Colonisation and European imperialism was inevitable due to the. eleven million of them being jewish people. WebSocial Darwinism Based on Charles Darwins ideas on evolution Believed powerful social groups were genetically superior Saw colonized people as inferior and in need of colonial protection Rejected all types of social support for weaker social groups as . Based largely on notions of competition and natural selection, Social Darwinist theories generally hold that the powerful in society are innately better than the weak and that success is proof of their superiority. Its from his answer to this question that Sumners reputation for social Darwinism arises. Hitler believed the German master race had been weakened by the influence of non-Aryans in Germany, and that the Aryan race needed to maintain its pure gene pool in order to survive. considers modern genetic research in the same . Social Darwinism held that these forces existed and worked against homo sapiens sapiens humans and animals. WebDrawing on social Darwinism, supporters of the 20th-century eugenics movement sought to "improve" human genetic stock, much as farmers do in agriculture. 1. light, so that the lessons of history are not Du Bois writes: Thus, the world began to invest in color prejudice. WebIn addition, the rise of Social Darwinism also greatly impacted Europeans attitude. To say that societymust provide for the poor and weak is to say that some people (the haves) should be compelled by others to do so. Students will explore some of the causes and consequences of denying the Armenian Genocide and reflect on the role of public art to commemorate difficult histories. This gave rise to belief that there was a hierarchy of races and that the Europeans were at the top of the hierarchy. !1))1c9119199999kB99B9BBBBBkBkBsBsJBBJBJJJJJkJkJsJsJsJ{RJJRJRRRRRRZRkRsRsRsR{R{R{RZRRZRZZZZZZcZZkZckZcsZksZkZsZsZsZ{Z{Z{ZZcZZcZcccccckccsckkcksck{ckcs{cscsc{c{ccckcckckkkkkksks{ksksk{kkkkkskksssss{s{s{sssssss{ss{s{{{{{{{{{{{{{{
Copy. Hannah Arendt, for example, examined the historical progression from social Darwinist ethics to racist ideology. ? He would have been dismayed to see the events of generations to come: his name attached to opposing ideologies from Marxism to unbridled capitalism, and to policies from ethnic cleansing to forced sterilization. The idea that those who participate in these everyday forms of resistance, choose not to bring attention to themselves is also reinforced multiple times throughout the text. It broadly meant evolving from the barbarian stage of society to the industrial stage. Students learn about the events and choices of the Armenian Genocide and explore the consequences of the genocide from the perspective of survivors. It all began, singularly enough . As German forces were rampaging through Russia in 1941, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch emphasised: The troops must understand that this struggle is being fought race against race, and that they must proceed with the necessary harshness. The French held similar views. They didnt want to depend on other countries so in times of war, they still have access to all of these materials. But it seems impossible that any one who has studied the matter should doubt that we have gained immeasurably, and that our farther gains lie in going forward, not in going backward. He starts his answer with another point that will be familiar to all Thus, the world began to invest in color prejudice. )! Du Bois, an African American scholar and activist, summed up the meeting held some 30 years earlier in an article in the Atlantic Monthly. This lead people to believe that certain races, such as white/European people, were the fittest of all the races. It is thought that improvement of the human race can be seen through sterilization of people who exhibit undesirable traits and selective breeding. Students turn their attention to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of a strong current of ethno-nationalism rooted in Turkish identity. Historical opinion is mixed as to how formative social Darwinist principles were to Nazi ideology. In this podcast, he reveals to Dan what he has discovered and how it has led him to create the first accessible and authoritative account of the Holocaust in more than three decades. Portrait of Thomas Robert Malthus (Image Credit: John Linnell / Wellcome Collection / CC). with Belgium. In the 1800s, European nations acquired great wealth and power from both the natural resources of the lands they conquered and the forced labor of the Thomas Edison failed thousands of times trying to create the modern day light bulb. He has written extensively about the WebSocial Darwinism Charles Darwin developed his Theory of Evolution during the mid-19th century as a way of understanding how different species changed over vast timespans. Explore resources that meet the Massachusetts History and Social Science Framework. Those who supported imperialism For this was a cause of Imperialism. He starts his answer with another point that will be familiar to all Misesians and Rothbardians. In it, he revealed that the Congress of Berlin was having an impact on Africa nearly two weeks before the first group of delegates arrived in Germany. It was called by Otto von Bismarck, then chancellor of Germany, and was attended by 15 nations. University. [ F2{_i57L
~(f/w[JuMCsc0s7es-YCSP% American Museum of Natural History It is better, in his view, to help those who have good prospects of bettering themselves thanto help the incorrigible. Social Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality at various times over the past century and a half. WebPrompt 1: Evaluate the extent to which states strengthened and/or expanded control over colonies in the 1750 to 1900 time period. The Color Line began to pay dividends. What does he mean by invest? Google Scholar For a summary of the influence of Darwinism on both the social gospel and progressivism see Hofstadter, Richard, Social Darwinism in American Thought (Revised Edition, Boston, 1955), 10522. By 1914, these imperial powers had fully colonized the continent, exploiting its people and resources. Score .8628 Eugenics became a popular social movement in America, peaking in the 1920s and 1930s. Frank McDonough, world leading expert on the domestic side of Hitler's Germany, explains why and how Hitler was able to establish and sustain his rule within Germany. Portugal sought anew to make good her claim to her ancient African realm; and thus a continent where Europe claimed but a tenth of the land in 1875, was in twenty-five more years practically absorbed. He conceived the idea of the struggle for survival, and suggested that this drove an inevitable progress in society. These simple steps can be, You don 't fight racism with racism, the best way to fight racism is with solidarity., Reading resistance literature need an open mind. include, The specter of eugenics hovers over virtually all contemporary It is often smeared for its social Darwinism. According to this interpretation, Sumner thinks that people must struggle with each other in order to live. Humanity will progress if the fittest, that is, the strongest, win out, and the weak are left to fall by the wayside. 3. What he emphasizes is that it should be up to each productive individual to decide how much to aid other people. We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races. The program was officially discontinued in August 1941 (which coincided with the escalation of the Holocaust), but killings continued covertly until the Nazi defeat in 1945. I believe that understanding what is meant by race in terms of it being a social construct is vital to realizing the capacity race has to affect other parts of society and life in, The dystopian novel Anthem by Ayn Rand takes place in a totalitarian world of the future and focuses on the primitive society that Equality 7-2521 lives in. HWO[WY8&MHSc)
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Kg9S MQ0l :G j^l]ogGx ' B5PC New York, NY 10024-5102Phone: 212-769-5100. Web- there are amusing sidelights to this social darwinism; Charles Kellogg was a social darwinist and a zealot for moral purity. . The thought of improving the human race by manipulating who is allowed to breed can either be appalling or compelling. Webng nhp bng facebook. We cannot build a school, a hospital, a church, or employ a missionary society, without capital, any more than we could build a palace or a factory without capital. If eugenics were applied, the world could potentially see a decrease in disease, a rise in intelligence, and heightened physical aesthetic in humans. We will send you the latest TV programmes, podcast episodes and articles, as well as exclusive offers from our shop and carefully selected partners. House of Cards: Has the US Economy Recovered? At the Congress of Berlin in 1884, 15 European powers divided Africa among them. developments in human. Laurence Rees has spent twenty-five years meeting survivors and perpetrators of the Holocaust. Social Darwinism is the idea that some groups of society are stronger than others or also known as Survival of the fittest. Initiated in 1939 by Hitler, the killing centres to which the handicapped were transported were precursors to the concentration and extermination camps, using similar killing methods. These reasonsalong with other frequently mentioned contributing causes, such as the spirit of national and racial superiority and the drive for powerare still matters of controversy with respect to specific cases and to the problem of fitting them into a general theory of imperialism. }rF"Dm%jnInQI%EqcnFd $@P6wt9,D. . any evolutionary argument about the biological In this case, the strongest After the Civil War the Souths economy and people were left in devastation, especially considering that some 650,000 men died in the war, including 260,000 Confederates -- over one-fifths of the Souths adult white male population ("America 's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War"). Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who was born into a family of English military officers on September 9, 1855, became a widely recognized advocate of race inequality and Aryan superiority in his adopted country of Germany.In his writings he built his enthusiasm for German cultural and intellectual But he is the Forgotten Man. But the Congo Free State, with all its magniloquent heralding of Peace, Christianity, and Commerce, degenerating into murder, mutilation, and downright robbery, differed only in degree and concentration from the tale of all Africa in this rape of the continent already furiously mangled by the slave trade. ?^ Mwb;tovAMwYm@78 28ImZ{1+C#I@H Trump's Economy: Boom Times or Dangerous Bubble? This form of racism is popular amongst media today. The idea of "social Darwinism" originated in Framed as a euthanasia program, this new bureaucracy was headed by physicians active in the study of eugenics, who saw Nazism as applied biology, and who had a mandate to kill anyone deemed to have a life unworthy of living. France, humiliated and impoverished, looked toward a new northern African empire, sweeping from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. Social Darwinism We get so used to it that we do not see its use. Many of us remember [Henry] Stanley's great solution of the puzzle of Central Africa, when he traced the mighty Congo sixteen hundred miles from Nyangwe to the sea. World War II is a war that was caused by racism. _C_M3tli/ZbfIsbb~>Y^?g WebAmerican Imperialism In The 19th Century 718 Words | 3 Pages. S;GQ:jNN;tT~Hi;,Iw({OozI7B~",Jf#[5X5FgLlK+p29g:V/kb%
:RH+nNtg8&jIvixxq4.>SKG[qv ~?vwv o\X+beOKs1_;1j:2Z"sv1#Oo},=K The influence that social Darwinism had on the pace of European imperialism can be viewed from two different perspectives. To the contrary, he gives a forceful and effective defense of the free market, along lines that will be familiar to readers of Mises and Rothbard. Students develop a contract establishing a reflective classroom community as they prepare to explore the historical case study of this unit. It focused on eliminating undesirable traits from the population by preventing unfit individuals from having children. Finally, the actual term Social Darwinism was originally coined by Thomas Malthus, who is better remembered for his iron rule of nature and the concept of struggle for existence. Copyright farmer could obtain permanent breeds of plants and animals WebThe most important promoter of racial ideology in Europe during the mid-19th century was Joseph-Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who had an almost incalculable effect on late 19th-century social theory. Many European countries were practicing imperialism The methods by which this continent has been stolen have been contemptible and dishonest beyond expression. What I choose to do by way of exercising my own sympathies under my own reason and conscience is one thing; what another man forces me to do of a sympathetic character, because his reason and conscience approve of it, is quite another thing. Qun mt khu This view was common in the nineteenth century, as a slave owner, Thomas Jefferson was found to think this way. have misapplied the biological principles of natural In my essay I would like to speak about the beginning of racism, the situation nowadays, about the Civil Rights Movement and of course about a person, who had the greatest influence on the problem of racism in the history Martin Luther King. Fighting in the Fog: Who Won the Battle of Barnet? So, social Darwinism had a remarkable impact on the pace of European imperialism. The main reason behind the war was that Hitler felt that his race was superior compared to the other races, such as the jews and gypsies. WebAnswer (1 of 6): Imperialism is defined as a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force (Oxford Dictionaries) By that definition, almost all nation states are imperialistic. As his desires reach their peak, Equality embraces individualism and withdraws from his society, escaping to the Uncharted Forest, where he sets out to produce a new race of man defined by individualistic ego. Suddenly the world knew that here lay the key to the riches of Central Africa. Social Darwinism originated in Britain during the second half of the 19th century. . 2. A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.. What are the 4 motives of imperialism? . More slowly, Germany began to see the dawning of a new day, and, shut out from America by the Monroe Doctrine, looked to Asia and Africa for colonies. In his later years, he wrote that the world is nearly all parceled out, and what there is left of it is being divided up, conquered and colonized. Imperialists used genetics as a justified explanation to why white people were more superior to other races. In doing so they misrepresent and misappropriate Darwin's original ideas. In the decades leading up to World War One, intellectuals embraced Darwinism and its ethical implications as a welcome alternative to Christian belief and ethics. This is the only way the standard of living of the average worker can in the long run be increased. Subsequently, Social-Darwinist language suffused Nazi rhetoric. One such distortion and misuse is the loose collection of ideologies grouped under the label of "Social Darwinism." This view focuses on the differences passed down through socialization of an ethnic group or religion. A society based on contract is a society of free and independent men, who form ties without favor or obligation, and co-operate without cringing or intrigue. Germany needed to destroy the Soviet Union to gain land, eliminate Jewish-inspired communism, and would do so following the natural order. . Equality is a street sweeper who portrays divergence between his intellectual desire and his societys collective ideology. The ideological motives for Imperialism were largely driven by social Darwinism, systemic racism, and European nations' belief in their superiority over the people of the countries they annexed. During the late 1890s, the growth of American military intervention had become a part of the political and economic factors that allowed the invasion of Cuba during the Spanish-American war. Some supporters of Darwin's theory of evolution In conclusion the key factors that led to U.S. imperialism was the desire for a new, profound military strength to compete and gain respect from other countries. The main idea behind Social Darwinism is that the strongest and fittest survive. It quickly became a taboo after World War II when Nazi Germany used it as an excuse for genocide. He thought that eggs and meat stimulated the sexual appetites and urges. It would be as impertinent to prevent his effort as it is to force cooperation in an effort on some one who does not want to participate in it. To think of these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach, I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. social darwinism was used to justify imperialism because Survival of the fittest and competition between species was believed to be a necessary part of the social structure. the idea of social darwinism was that by the law of nature the stronger people should take over weaker ones. social darwinism was used to justify Imperialism because social darwinism was the idea that the stronger race would survive and the weaker would The white people used force and power to rule over the Africans, which ended up with about sixty million Africans to die. They organized bands of robbers. Racism is something we've all witnessed.Its a big topic in our society now racism is affect a lot of people.They say two people can do the same crime at the sametime at the same place but get different time and be different color. The locomotive is only possible today because, from the flint-knife up, one achievement has been multiplied into another through thousands of generations. B. Gordon, Rockwell, and Salerno interview Ralph Raico. WebThis historical analysis will define the rise of American imperialism in the Spanish-American War of 1898. It is a scientific theory meant to explain observations about species. Drawing on social social, political, and economic realms. Lying treaties, rivers of rum, murder, assassination, mutilation, rape, and torture have marked the progress of Englishman, German, Frenchman, and Belgian on the dark continent. Often times the words social construct is thrown around in discussion and work without being defined or understood. x| WebSocial Darwinism was used to justify imperialism. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is entirely focused on an explanation of life's biological diversity. It established a system of racial equality based on democracy. However, the attempt of land redistribution never met fully with congress and was removed during, Charles Darwins theory of evolution i.e. Explore resources that meet the California HistorySocial Science Framework standards. % The main idea behind Social Darwinism is that the strongest and fittest survive. Such ideas also led to programs such as the Aktion T4. In 1915, W. E. B. David Gordon is Senior Fellow at theMisesInstituteand editor of theMises Review. He passes by and is never noticed, because he has behaved himself, fulfilled his contracts, and asked for nothing.. It was openly embraced as promoting the notion that the strongest should naturally prevail, and was a key feature of Nazi propaganda films, some which illustrated it with scenes of beetles fighting each other. What Was the Sudeten Crisis and Why Was it So Important? A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. %PDF-1.3 The feudal ties can never be restored. To do this they must organize themselves in a society: people would not be able to survive if they tried to live on their own. The most infamous result of this was the Holocaust, 1 but social Darwinism was also a major influence in the events leading up to World War One. This imperialist mood was directly influenced by NSDAP Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler in October 1938. Sumners key point is not that people struggle with each other, but rather that people need to provide for themselves in order to live. Thus, his invention of corn flakes was an attempt to find a quick and easy cereal substitute for bacon and eggs. Head of the T4 programme (Image Credit: Bundesarchiv / CC). What Did People Wear in Medieval England? It gave a scientific veneer to a rabid psychotic belief. What do you think it meant to Jules Ferry to civilize the inferior races of Africa? QZdO3.6525)3b9dMo{ Society doesnt exist independently of the individuals in it. Tu ne cede malis,sed contra audentior ito, Website powered by Mises Institute donors, Mises Institute is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. We cannot now stir a step in our life without capital. 2022 AP World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Document-Based Question R Scoring Guidelines R Student Samples R Scoring Commentary 2022 College Board College Board, Advanced Placement, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of College Board Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Question 1: Document-Based Question, Imperialism and Asian and African economies points General Scoring Notes Except where otherwise noted, each point of these rubrics is earned independently; for example, a student could earn a point for evidence without earning a point for thesis/claim Accuracy: The components of these rubrics require that students demonstrate historically defensible content knowledge Given the timed nature of the exam, essays may contain errors that not detract from their overall quality, as long as the historical content used to advance the argument is accurate Clarity: Exam essays should be considered first drafts and thus may contain grammatical errors Those errors will not be counted against a student unless they obscure the successful demonstration of the content knowledge, skills, and practices described below Evaluate the extent to which European imperialism affected economies in Africa and/or Asia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Reporting Category Row A Thesis/Claim Scoring Criteria points Does not meet the criteria for one point (0-1 points) point Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning Decision Rules and Scoring Notes Responses that not earn this point: Are not historically defensible Only restate or rephrase the prompt Do not respond to the prompt Do not establish a line of reasoning Are overgeneralized Responses that earn this point: Provide a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a position on the extent to which European imperialism affected economies in Africa and/or Asia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries The thesis or claim must either provide some indication of the reason for making that claim OR establish categories of the argument Examples that not earn this point: Examples that earn this point: Provide a historically defensible claim, but not establish a line of reasoning Europeans imported raw materials from Asia and Africa. Establish a line of reasoning that evaluates the topic of the prompt States in Africa and Asia often saw their global trade heavily disrupted by European imperialism. Asian states often tried to prevent European imperialism from disrupting their economies but failed in doing so. Establish a line of reasoning, but not provide a historically defensible claim European imperialism did not greatly alter the traditional trading practices of African kingdoms and states. Do not focus on the topic of the prompt The First and Second World War strongly influenced anti-colonial efforts in Africa and Asia. Establish a line of reasoning that evaluates the topic of the prompt with analytic categories While European Imperialism certainly forced African and Asian economies to change, these changes often benefited local elites and Europeans. Establish a line of reasoning European Imperialism often negatively affected African economies. (Minimally acceptable thesis/claim) Additional Notes: The thesis or claim must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or the conclusion (which may not be limited to the first or last paragraphs) The thesis or claim must identify a relevant development(s) in the period, although it is not required to encompass the entire period 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Reporting Category Row B Contextualization (0-1 points) Scoring Criteria points Does not meet the criteria for one point point Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt Decision Rules and Scoring Notes Responses that not earn this point: Provide an overgeneralized statement about the time period referenced in the prompt Provide context that is not relevant to the prompt Provide a passing phrase or reference Responses that earn this point: Accurately describe a context relevant to the extent to which European imperialism affected economies in Africa and/or Asia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Examples that not earn this point: Do not provide context relevant to the topic of the prompt: States during the First World War produced propaganda to convince soldiers to fight. Examples of relevant context that earn this point include the following if appropriate elaboration is provided: European extraction economies, such as mining operations in Africa, developed European nations competed with one another for influence and territory in Africa and Asia Anti-imperialist movements were often strongly influenced by nationalism, such as in Thailand European nations often completed infrastructure projects in imperialized regions, such as the British building railroads in India The use of fossil fuels contributed to high demand for energy sources New imperialist, ideas such as the civilizing mission and Social Darwinism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, led European nations to take more direct control over states in Africa and Asia Provide a passing phrase or reference European Imperialism often perpetuated racial prejudice. Examples of acceptable contextualization: European nations in the late nineteenth century divided up Africa between them during the Berlin Conference. Additional Notes: The response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question To earn this point, the context provided must be more than a phrase or reference 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Reporting Category Row C Evidence 0-3 points Scoring Criteria Evidence from the Documents points Does not meet the criteria for one point point Uses the content of at least three documents to address the topic of the prompt points Supports an argument in response to the prompt using at least six documents Decision Rules and Scoring Notes Responses that not earn points: Use evidence from less than three of the documents Misinterpret the content of the document Quote, without an accompanying description, of the content of the documents Address documents collectively rather than considering separately the content of each document Responses that earn point: Accurately describerather than simply quotethe content from at least three of the documents to address the topic of European imperialism and/or economies in Africa and/or Asia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Responses that earn points: Support an argument in response to the prompt by accurately using the content of at least six documents Examples of describing the content of a document: Examples of supporting an argument using the content of a document: (Document 5): The account by the Congolese refugee shows how the Belgian colonizers harsh demands for rubber production led to starvation and violence among the native population The account shows the extent of economic disruption brought to African society by imperialism. (Connects the content of the document to an argument about the great extent to which European imperialism disrupted or even destroyed some African economies) (Document 6): Ndansi Kumalos account shows the devastation of traditional African economies by imperialism, by relating how the Ndebele were forced into wage work for the White settlers in mines and farms, where they were subjected to high taxes. (Connects the content of the document to an argument about the extent to which imperialism transformed and disrupted traditional African economic activities) Describe evidence from the documents relevant to the topic but not use that evidence to support an argument (Document 2) The graph shows that there was a big reversal in the trade between 1810 and 1830, with India exporting less cloth to Britain and importing much more cloth from Britain. Additional Notes: To earn points, the response does not have to use the six documents in support of a single argument-they can be used across sub-arguments or to address counterarguments 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Row C (continued) Evidence Beyond the Documents: points Does not meet the criteria for one point point Uses at least one additional piece of the specific historical evidence (beyond that found in the documents) relevant to an argument about the prompt Responses that not earn this point: Provide evidence that is not relevant to an argument about the prompt Provide evidence that is outside the time period or region specified in the prompt Repeat information that is specified in the prompt or in any of the documents Provide a passing phase or reference Responses that earn this point: Must use at least one specific piece of historical evidence relevant to an argument about the extent to which European imperialism affected economies in Africa and/or Asia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Decision Rules and Scoring Notes Examples of specific and relevant evidence beyond the documents that earn this point include the following if appropriate elaboration is provided: British investment projects, such as the building of railroads in India and Africa Large-scale European-driven infrastructure projects, such as the building of the Suez Canal Economic modernization initiatives taken by Asian and African states, such as the Meiji Restoration in Japan The forced expulsion of ethnic groups from traditional land, such as during the Herero genocide or the displacement of Arab and Berber populations in French Algeria The use of military force to require Asian and African states to alter their trading patterns, such as during the Opium Wars Examples of evidence beyond the documents relevant to an argument about the prompt: The British opium trade in China eventually led to the Opium wars, during which Britain used its military to force China to agree to unequal trade agreements. (Provides a piece of evidence not in the documents relevant to an argument about the prompt) Local elites often cooperated with European forces for their own benefit, even though those agreements did not necessarily benefit their subjects For instance, Egypt cooperated with France and Britain to build the Suez Canal, but many Egyptian workers suffered and died during the construction. (Provides a piece of evidence not in the documents relevant to an argument about the prompt) Additional Notes: Typically, statements credited as evidence will be more specific than statements credited as contextualization To earn this point, the evidence provided must be different from the evidence used to earn the point for contextualization To earn this point, the evidence provided must be more than a phrase or reference 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Reporting Category Row D Analysis and Reasoning Scoring Criteria Sourcing points Does not meet the criteria for one point point For at least three documents, explains how or why the documents point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument Responses that not earn this point: Explain sourcing for less than three of the documents Identify the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience but fail to explain how or why it is relevant to an argument Summarize the content or argument of the document without explaining the relevance of this to the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience Examples that not earn this point: Responses that earn this point: Must explain how or whyrather than simply identifyingthe documents point of view, purpose, historical situation, or audience is relevant to an argument that addresses the prompt for each of the three documents sourced 0-2 points Decision Rules and Scoring Notes Identify the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience, but not explain how or why it is relevant to an argument The author of Document was a victim of the violence in the Belgian Congo. Summarize the content of the document without explaining the relevance of this to the point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience In Document 2, the graphs show that Indian exports to Britain are declining while British exports to India are rising. Example of acceptable explanation of the significance of the authors point of view: (Document 1): The author of Document was a manager of a Dutch-government-owned sugar factory in Indonesia As a manager, it would have been his duty to report to his superiors about the damage that the Dutch Cultivation System has inflicted on the availability of Indonesian labor for his factory. (Connects the point of view of the author to an argument about the negative influence of Dutch imperial policies on the economy of Java) Example of acceptable explanation of the significance of the authors purpose: (Document 7): The purpose of the account is to document the cruelty of the Germans and the economic hardships placed on Africans working on the cotton plantations Because the account was given to African historians after Tanzania became independent, they would likely have wanted to emphasize the negative aspects of European imperialism. (Connects a plausible speculation regarding the purpose of the source to an argument about the extent to which European imperialism affected African economies) Example of acceptable explanation of the relevance of the historical situation of a source: (Document 4): The Ndebele ruler, whose territory was probably under a lot of pressure from White settlers as well as from neighboring African groups, likely thought that he had no choice but to trade away the right to mine raw materials in his country to the English in exchange for guns and a steamboat with which he could defend himself. (Connects the historical situation of the document to an argument about an economic change in Africa brought about by European imperialism) 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Row D (continued) Complexity points Does not meet the criteria for one point point Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question Decision Rules and Scoring Notes Responses that earn this point: May demonstrate a complex understanding in a variety of ways, such as: Explaining nuance of an issue by analyzing multiple variables Explaining both similarity and difference, or explaining both continuity and change, or explaining multiple causes, or explaining both causes and effects Explaining relevant and insightful connections within and across periods Confirming the validity of an argument by corroborating multiple perspectives across themes Qualifying or modifying an argument by considering diverse or alternative views or evidence Demonstrating complex understanding might include any of the following if appropriate elaboration is provided: Analyzing multiple variables, such as considering diverse or alternate perspectives or evidence For example, a response may explore multiple economic impacts of European imperialism on native societies, including physical exploitation of native labor, collapse of traditional economic activity, restructuring and realignment of elites, changes to gender roles as a result of new economic demands, etc (Explains nuance) Explaining relevant and insightful connections across time and space For example, a response may compare the effects of European imperialism seen in Documents and with the effects of imperialism in other colonial settings where large numbers of White settlers encroached on the territories of native peoplessuch as in Australia or Algeria Or a response may compare the exploitation of native labor for the extraction of resources, as seen in Documents 1, 5, and 7, with the exploitation of native labor through indirect imperialism in Latin America through forced labor systems such as indenture and debt servitude (Explains relevant and insightful connections) Corroborating multiple perspectives, such as explaining how European imperialisms economic effects were complex and affected different segments of Asian and African societies in different ways For example, a response might argue that, in addition to its destructive or disruptive economic effects, European imperialism in some cases benefitted parts of native societies through increased trade (Document 3), limited economic modernization (Document 1), strengthening of native elites (Document 4) or economic recovery after the initial disruption (Document 6) (Corroborates, qualifies or modifies an argument by considering diverse or alternative views or evidence) Additional Notes: This demonstration of complex understanding must be part of the argument, not merely a phrase or reference 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines Document Summaries Document Summary of Content T.G Edwards, manager of a Dutch sugar factory in Java, letter to the Dutch colonial government on labor shortages, 1858 British East India Company, data reported to the British Parliament regarding the textile trade with India, 18101830 Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, The Cultivators of Bengal, article published in the Bengali press, 1872 Explains the relevance of point of view (POV), purpose, situation, and/or audience by elaborating on examples such as: Reports on the negative effects of the imposition of the Dutch Cultivation System on the availability of Javanese labor for the sugar factory Because of the demands of the Cultivation System, Javanese workers are subject to multiple labor demands, and the factory cannot get workers despite offering good wages The graphs show divergent trends for Indian textile exports to Britain and British textile exports to India: Indian exports to Britain are declining while British exports to India are rising The drop in Indian exports to Britain is particularly sharp for the calico and muslin cloth category, while the rise in British export to India is particularly great for the plain cotton cloth category States that the growing trade between India and Britain has led to an expansion of Indian agriculture, as India has become an exporter of agricultural commodities to Britain Acknowledges that the Indian cotton industry has collapsed because of cheap British cloth imports but suggests that the collapse can be managed by Indian weavers being more open to adopting other trades, such as cultivating rice The author of Document was a manager of a Dutch-government-owned sugar factory in Indonesia As a manager, it would have been his duty to report to his superiors about the damage that the Dutch Cultivation System had inflicted on the availability of Indonesian labor for his factory (POV, purpose) The Cultivation System was an attempt by the Dutch colonial authorities in the East Indies to force the native population to produce cash crops for the Dutch This reflected a general push to make colonies more profitable for Europe by extracting raw materials or commodities for export (situation) As Great Britain was becoming an increasingly industrialized country during this period, the purpose of the EIC providing this data to Parliament may have been in part to show that it was playing its part in providing markets for British industrial goods, the most important one of which was cotton textiles (purpose) Because of the system of Company Rule in India, the EIC, rather than the British government, had effective control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent That explains why it was the EICs responsibility to collect such trade information and report it to the British Parliament (situation) The publication of this perspective on the economic impact of Indias trade with Great Britain in an Indian (Bengali) newspaper was likely meant in part to challenge the Indian audiences notions of rigid caste distinctions By emphasizing that the reluctance to give up hereditary trades has become an economic liability, the author is urging Indians to loosen the rigid restrictions in their society in order to make India more adaptable to economic change (audience, purpose) The article suggests that Chatterjee shared the position of many educated Indian intellectuals at the time that India could benefit socially and economically from British rule He emphasizes the economic benefits of trade with Britain and the opportunities trade may bring for modernizing Indian society (POV, situation) 2022 College Board AP World History: Modern 2022 Scoring Guidelines King Lobengula Khumalo, Contract with an English company over mining rights in Ndebele territory, 1888 Moyo, Congolese refugee, testimony for a Belgian investigation into abuses related to rubber collection in the Congo, 1904 Ndansi Kumalo, account of living conditions of the Ndebele in the 1890s, given to a British anticolonial activist, published in 1936 The ruler of the Ndebele enters into a contract with three British business associates of Cecil Rhodes mining company, awarding them exclusive mining rights in his territories, in exchange for a monthly payment, English rifles, and a promise to deliver a steamboat with guns on the Zambezi River Describes the hardships on the native population produced by the Belgian authorities cruel system of extracting rubber by imposing rubber production quotas on Congolese villages The villagers found it harder and harder to meet the quota, needing to go further and further into the jungle to find rubber trees As more members of village society, including women, had to work to make the rubber quota, cultivation of food crops was abandoned, and starvation set in The authorities did not reduce the quota and only provided token payments for the rubber Outlines the shifts in Ndebele economic activities after the end of the unsuccessful Ndebele revolt in 1897; the Ndebele had lost their cattle (traditional source of wealth) during the revolt and were forced into paid work for the White settlers, in mines and in agriculture In addition to that, the Ndebele were subjected to heavy taxes by the British colonial government, including a rent tax for allegedly living on White settlers land The Ndebele ruler, whose territory was probably under a lot of pressure from White settlers as well as from neighboring African groups, likely thought that he had no choice but to trade away the right to mine raw materials in his country to the English in exchange for guns and a steamboat with which he could defend himself (POV, situation) By emphasizing that various [other] persons and companies have sought the rights to mine in his territories, King Lobengula may have wanted to convey to Cecil Rhodes company that his company must abide by its obligations under the contract (purpose, audience) The Belgian authorities system of rubber extraction from the Congo reflects both the prevalent racial views in late-nineteenth-century Europe that saw Africans as racially inferior, and thus they were subjected to inhumane working conditions Europeans also recognized the economic importance of strategic natural resources such as rubber to Europes industrializing economies (situation) As an eyewitness account of a refugee from the atrocities it describes, Moyos account is likely credible in its description of the devastating economic and social toll of the Belgian rubber quota systems on Congolese villages (POV) As an oral history narrative recorded decades after the events it describes, Ndansi Kumalos account represents a long-term assessment of the social and economic effects of the Ndebele revolt on the Ndebele people As such it focuses on big changes, such as, the transition from subsistence cattle raising to wage work, especially in mining, and the transition to being integrated into the White-settler dominated economy of South Africa through the paying of taxes and using money (audience, POV) The context of the economic and social changes described in the document is the growing rate of White settlement in interior parts of southern Africa during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, encroaching on the lands of native peoples such as the Ndebele The discovery of gold, diamonds, and other resources in various parts of the region exacerbated this process (situation) 2022 College Board DBQ Q1 Sample 1A Page of DBQ Q1 Sample 1A Page of DBQ Q1 Sample 1A Page of DBQ Q1 Sample 1A Page of DBQ Q1 Sample 1B Page of DBQ Q1 Sample 1B Page of DBQ Q1 Sample 1B Page of .. .AP?