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Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. It never happened. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. [41] Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda, Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. In 2004, Somali Bantus from this group began arriving for permanent resettlement in the U.S. Acts of genocide are normally committed by state agents, for example by soldiers in the employ of the national military or by militias who have the support of those who hold state power. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. . The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People | African Race The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. Total loading time: 0 The Problem of the Bantu Expansion | The Journal of African History No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. By Ellen Rubin. Bantu Expansion isnt real. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. cit. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. Your email address will not be published. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale. [35] Other pioneering groups had reached modern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa by AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Limpopo Province (formerly Northern Transvaal) by AD 500. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia.