It was first reported in 1974 by Hald and Mygiand The internal iliac artery and its main branches can be catheterized via the ipsilateral or contralateral femoral artery, or from the left axillary artery. It is believed that transcription factors can up‐regulate or down regulate the production of these mediators. Acrolein‐induced HC was also prevented by systemic (intraperitoneal) or local (intravesicular) pretreatment with glutathione or amifostine, with the greatest protective effect seen with local amifostine treatment (2 mg/kg intravesicular; The inflammatory process in CP‐induced haematuria is mediated by several cytokines, including TNF‐α, interleukin‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2. Moreover, formalin might be responsible for triggering bladder spasms in the neurologically intact bladder, through sensory stimulation of the bladder mucosa. Reduces Urinary Bladder Damage during Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis in Rats Consequently, Mesna administration must be continuous throughout the CP treatment. Side effects requiring immediate medical attention Along with its needed effects, ifosfamide (the active ingredient contained in Ifex) may cause some unwanted effects. One retrospective study in 1995 The benefit of Mesna in preventing CP‐induced HC is well documented and it is used routinely in bone marrow treatment centres as a prophylactic agent. Cyclophosphamide) Protocol Code . It might act through several different mechanisms. Embolization can then be applied by the use of Gelfoam or coils More recently, superselective embolization has been used to treat severe intractable haematuria. A study in 1991 Glutathione and amifostine are cytoprotective agents which act to protect normal tissues against the significant side‐effects of chemotherapeutic agents. Mesna is used routinely in bone marrow treatment centres as a prophylactic agent. It remains a difficult clinical problem to treat, compounded by the frailty of patient. Furthermore, the preventative measures and treatments available for CP‐induced haematuria have their own benefits and disadvantages.Haemorrhagic cystitis is a frequent complication of treatment with cyclophosphamide. "Product Information. Both substances act as free‐radical scavengers and provide significant protective effects to haemopoietic progenitor cells.It has also been shown that in Swiss male mice, pre‐treatment with amifostine or glutathione prevents ifosfamide‐induced haematuria in a dose‐dependent manner. Therapeutic angiographic embolisation of the hypogastric arteriesVascular embolisation in uncontrollable haemorrhages of the bladder caused by tumours and radiationGelatin foam and isobutyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate in the treatment of life threatening bladder haemorrhage by selective transcatheter embolisation of the internal iliac arteriesTranscatheter embolisation of the hypogastric arteries in cases of bladder haemorrhage from advanced pelvic cancers: follow‐up in 9 casesInternal iliac artery: embolization to control haemorrhage from pelvic neoplasmsPersistent gluteal pain after embolization of the hypogastic arteries. Ifosfamide (ifosfamide)." An early prospective randomized study However, Mesna is limited in some regards; most notably the half‐life of Mesna is 90 min, which is significantly shorter than the half‐life of CP (420 min). Myelosuppression can be severe and lead to fatal infections. One such transcription factor is NF‐κB and so NF‐κB inhibitors such as sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide might inhibit inflammation.Oral SPP has been shown to be effective as an agent in managing interstitial cystitis SPP might exert its effects in several different ways.