The aim of this study was to establish the recurrence rate of TB in Barcelona, the associated risk factors and the role of reinfection.A population-based retrospective longitudinal study was performed in Barcelona, Spain. Implementation of post-treatment monitoring varies in California, by local TB programs, and elsewhere in the U.S. Effectiveness of TB control programs is assessed in part by recurrence rates. All data was treated in a strictly confidential manner according to the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 revised by the World Medical Organization in Edinburgh, 2000 and the Organic Law 15/1999 of Data Protection in Spain.The study was conducted in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), an urban area of 100.4 square km, whose census population was 1,508,805 inhabitants in 2008 This retrospective population-based cohort study included pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and pulmonary-extrapulmonary TB patients detected by the TBPCP with at least one culture result positive for A definite TB case was identified using the recommended international definition: a patient was considered to have TB if their culture was positive for All data was obtained from the epidemiological surveys performed by public health nurses on TB cases reported to the Barcelona TBPCP After disease confirmation, study subjects were followed to identify any recurrent TB episode reported to the Barcelona or Catalonia regional programs and/or the date of transfer to another TB Program and to verify their vital status at the end of the study period. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click I got married 4 years later and the following year had my first son. The increased use of the recommended initial regimen may have also contributed to the decline in late recurrent TB during the study timeframe.The independent risk factor with the highest hazard ratio was pyrazinamide mono-resistance, a surrogate marker of tuberculosis due to Our study demonstrated that factors associated with relapse soon after treatment completion were also associated with late recurrence: sputum smear-positive disease, cavities on chest radiograph, and HIV infection Our study identified U.S. birth as a risk factor for TB recurrence. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Factors associated with recurrence were HIV infection (HR: 4.7, CI: 1.4–15.7), living in the inner city district (HR: 3.9, CI: 1.3–11.8) and history of TB treatment (HR: 5.2, CI: 1.7–16.2). This has already been described in other studies Of the factors determined to be predictive of recurrence, HIV-infection has been previously identified in countries of high and low TB incidence, such as South Africa, China, Spain, Australia, USA, England and Wales Microbiological data was available for three of the six cases of recurrence that occurred in the inner-city district: two were relapses and one was reinfection. Hospital records, primary care records, the city census and mortality registry, and the drug abuse program in Barcelona were reviewed to minimize the number of patients lost to follow-up and avoid duplicate information. Person-time-at-risk for late recurrence was the time between the date therapy was completed for the first (or single) episode, and the date that therapy started for the second episode or the censor date, December 31, 2006 (to allow one year for a recurrence through December 31, 2007) (The diagram depicts times related to treatment initiation and completion that define time-at-risk and time-not-at-risk for late recurrent TB.We tested the proportional hazards assumption by comparing cumulative hazards of the multivariate model for strata of each dichotomous variable and by Schoenfeld residual analysis for age. Tuberculosis (TB) recurrence can be due to reinfection or relapse. Peer-reviewed journal featuring in-depth articles to accelerate the transformation of health care delivery.Information, resources, and support needed to approach rotations - and life as a resident.Valuable tools for building a rewarding career in health care.Information and tools for librarians about site license offerings.The authorized source of trusted medical research and education for the Chinese-language medical community.The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world.Relapse of Pulmonary Tuberculosis after Five Years or More of Arrest Posted by. First, the number of recurrent TB cases in the study is low and the number of cases without genotyping results is high due to the negative cultures or missing isolates. This means that the person is then ... A patient is said to relapse if they become and remain culture negative (or they become well) whilst on TB treatment, but become culture positive (or become ill) again after finishing their TB treatment.